



.^"^""^ 














4? .♦_„ 



v^"^ 









r .*'•• 
















J'"^*. .- 



'• %.*" -'Mm-, ^^.Z -IK: %.*" •* 






'-^^^^ 














-^ 







0* V ♦. 











• \>^''' 



^ 
























'k-. 








Marquette Sailing Dowti the Mississippi. 



" On the 17th of June (1673), they saw on their right the broad meadows, bounded in the 
distance by rugged hills, where now stands the town of Prairie du Chien. Before them, a 
wild and rapid current coursed athwart their way, by the foot of '""^ ^.f ^^J^J^^^Pf 
thick in forests. They had found what they sought, and ' with a joy,^ wrUes Marquette, 
' which I cannot express.' they steered forth their canoes on the eddies of the Mississipp.. 
— Parkman. 



Junior Class History 



Ul^ITED STATES; 



TO WHICH ARE ADDED 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 

AND THE 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

WITH 

QUESTIONS, EXERCISES, COPIOUS NOTES, ETC. 
FULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, PORTRAITS, VIEWS, ETC. 



JOHN J. ANDERSON, A.M., 

Author of a ''Ch^ammar School History of the United States" a " Manual of General 
^rs. „ „ „. , „ ^ . ^ „ ,, rpf^^ Histmic - - - - 

Eeader,''' etc., etc. 



History,''^ a "History of England,'" " The Histmical Reader, 
" The United States Read> 




"-^ i«<74 






NEW YORK: 

CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 

No. 5 Barclay Street. 

1874. 



Anderson's Historical Series. 



A Junior Class History of the United States. 

inustrated with hundreds of portraits, views, maps, etc. Price, $1.00. 

A Grammar School History of the United States. 

Annotated; and iUustrated with numerous portraits and views, and with more than 
forty maps, many of which are colored. 300 pp. 16mo. Price, $1.20. 

A Pictorial School History of the United States. 

Fully illustrated with maps, portraits, vignettes, &c. 404 pp. 12mo. Price, $1.65. 

A Manual of General History, illustrated with beautifuuy 

colored maps showing the changes in the political divisions of the world, and giving 
the location of important places. 419 pp. 12mo. Price, $2.00. 

A School History of England, illustrated with colored 

maps showing the geographical changes in the country at different periods. 300 pp. 
12mo. Price, $1.60. 

Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History, illustrated with 

colored maps and a chart. 445 pp. 12mo. Price, $2.00. 

i lie rilStOriCal rveacler, embracing selections in prose and verse, 
from standard writers of Ancient and Modern History ; with a Vocabulary of Difficult 
Words, and Biographical and Geographical Indexes. 12mo. 544 pp. Price, $1.80. 

The United States Reader, embracing selections from eminent 
American historians, orators, statesmen and poets, with explanatory observations, 
notes, etc. The whole arranged so as to form a complete class-manual of United 
States History, to which are added a Vocabulary of Difficult Words and a Biographical 
Index of Authors. 12mo. 414 pp. Price, $1.50. 

A School History of Rome. in preparation. 

A School History of Greece, in preparation. 

A School History of France. in preparation. 



An Introductory School History of the United 

States. From 1492 to 1875. A class-book for advanced grades on the catechetical 
plan. Illustrated with maps. 195 pp. 16mo. Price, 60 cents. 

A Common School History of the United States. 

On the catechetical plan. Illustrated with maps. 350 pp. 16mo. Price, $1.00. 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874 by 

JOHN J. ANDERSON, 

in the oflace of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 






PEEFAOE 



This work is designed, as its title indicates, for elementary 
classes. The narrative is brief and simple. Expressions not 
easily intelligible by pupils of a grade sufficiently adA^anced 
to commence the study of history, have been carefully 
avoided ; but, at the same time, no attempt has been made 
to lower the style to the grade of a book for the nursery. 

All the important facts in the history of our country have 
been included in the text. Additional statements, referring 
to certain matters of detail — interesting incidents, anecdotes, 
biographical sketches, etc. — are supplied by notes. These, 
when read in connection with the text, cannot fail to make 
the study of the history more entertaining to the young 
pupil, and will aid in durably impressing upon his memory 
the main facts of the history. 

The arrangement is adapted to the topical method of reci- 
tation — the best for history, since this branch of study 
should, as far as possible, be made the means of training 
the pupil so that he may acquire the habit of full, ready, and 
accurate expression. Hence, verbatim repetition should be 
discouraged, and the general topical headings at the com- 
mencement of the jjaragraphs used as much as possible at 
first, the questions at the foot of the page being employed, 
when necessary, to bring out a fuller statement by the pupil. 



Preface, 



The manner in which the dates have been inserted will 
commend itself to the good sense of the teacher. Only those 
of importance are given, and not generally so as to form an 
essential part of the narrative. 

The maps and map questions will prove a very valuable 
aid in explaining the text where places are referred to ; since 
no clear knowledge of historical facts can be obtained with- 
out a distinct acquaintance with the location of the places 
with which they are connected. The plan, in this respect, 
pursued by the Author in his previously-published works, 
has been carefully adhered to in this. 

Most of the illustrations have been engraved specially for 
this work, and will, it is believed, not only serve to render it 
attractive to young minds, but will aid very greatly in deep- 
ening the impression made by the narrative. 

As a supplement to the series of School Histories pre- 
viously presented by the Author to the public, it is hoped 
that this book may supply the demand, now so urgent, for 
a brief and simple, yet complete, manual of United States 
History. 



OOl^TE^TS. 



PERIOD I. 



Discoveries akd Settlements. 

CHAPTEB PAGE 

I. Discovery of America 11 

II. Other Discoveries by the Spanish 22 

III. Discoveries by the French and English 27 

IV. Virginia 31 

V. New England 42 

VI. New York and New Jersey . . 61 

VII. Pennsylvania and Delaware 69 

VIII. Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia 73 

IX. French Colonies and Wars 80 

X. Civil Progress and Social Condition of the Colonies 96 

Chronological Summary 102 

Topics for Review 104 



PERIOD II. 

From the Close op the French and Indian War to 
THE Adoption of the National Constitution. 

XI. Causes of the American Revolution 105 

XII. The War for Independence 110 

XIII. Events to the Adoption of the Constitution 144 

Topics for Review 148 



Contents, 



PERIOD III. 

From the Ii^auguratiok of Washikgtoi^ to the 
Present Time. 

CHAPTEK PAGE 

XIV. Washington's Administration 149 

XV. Administrations of Adams and Jefferson 154 

XVI. Madison's Administration 162 

XVII. Administrations from MaIdison to Polk 171 

XVIII. Administrations from Tyler to Lincoln 182 

XIX. Lincoln's Administration. The Great Civil War. 197 

XX. Johnson's and Grant's Administrations 228 

XXI. Civil Progress op the Nation 231 

Chronological Summary 239 

Topics for Review 242 

APPENDIX. 

Declaration op Independence 

Constitution op the United States 



HOW TO TEACH HISTORY. 



Lessons should he assigned and recitations heard, not so much in con- 
formity iDith rules as in accordance with circumstances. 

ASSIGNIJ^G THE LESSON. 

1. ''Give out" a short lesson, at tlie same time designating a 
map to be drawn by the pupils, on paper or slate, the map to show, 
among other things, the location of the important places mentioned 
in the lesson. ^^ Let it be understood that no lesson is learned by 
a pupil until he has learned how every place mentioned in it is located. 

2. Let the lessou be read by the class, care being taken to have 
all the proper names correctly pronounced. Endeavor, also, to give 
interest to the lesson by enlarging upon the facts, throwing in his- 
torical incidents, and referring to authors. 

RECITATIOI^. 

3. Let the maps be examined and criticised. In this duty the 
teacher may be aided very much by a system of examinations carried 
out by the pupils themselves, who will derive benefit in many respects 
by the exercise. 

4. Bring out the facts of the lesson with clearness, particularly 
the relation of causes to results. If any question is not fully answered, 
put others to elicit what has been omitted. Then ask the first ques- 
tion again, requiring it to be properly answered. Of course the teacher 
should in all cases aim to have his questions answered with intelligence. 
Use outline wall-maps, and question freely on the geography. Occa- 
sionally have the maps drawn on the blackboard. 

^^ Permit no answer to pass if it is not clear that the pupil is 
acquainted with the location of the places referred to in it. 

REVIEWS. 

5. Review by topics. Besides the oral method, the composition 
])lan, by written diagrams, or brief sketches, should occasionally be 
used. The " Topics for Review," at different places in the book, will 
furnish an exhaustive supply of subjects for these brief composition 
exercises, as well as for off-hand oral narratives. 

6. Do not require dates too freely, — the month and the day of 
the month in no case, unless there is a special reason for it. Take 
the date of an important event as a turning point ; and, when it is 
well fixed in the mind, arrange on the one side the train of events as 
causes, and on the other the train of results. 



History of the United States. 



PERIOD I. 

DiSCOYEEIES AIS-D SeTTLEMEI^TS. 

CHAPTEK I. 

The Discovery of America. 




LANDING OF Columbus. 



1. The Conti- 
nents Most pu- 
pils, before they 
commence the study 
of this book, will 
have seen a map of the Eastern and the Western Hemisphere 
These, they know, represent the two halves of the surface ot 
the earth, which is round like a ball. They have also^eamed 

ofHispaniola, St. Domingo, or Hayti .' 



1 2 History of the United States, 

that each hemisphere contains a large extent of land, one 
being called the Eastern Continent and the other the Western 
Continent. 

2, The Western Continent — Now, although we know of 
events that happened in the Eastern Continent thousands of 
years ago, scarcely anything was known of the Western Con- 
tinent, or of its inhabitants, until about four hundred years 
ago. Previous to that time, people knew only of parts of 
Europe, Asia, and Africa, and of the latter chielly those parts 
that lie on or near the Mediterranean Sea. 

5. The Nortlmnen, or Normans, — In the northern part 
of Europe, in a country called Norway, there lived about 
a thousand years ago, a very bold and hardy race of people, 
who built small ships in which they sallied forth and made 
voyages to distant countries. They were fierce warriors as 
well as seamen. No dangers, either of the land or the ocean, 
could daunt them. As they lived in the north, they were 
called Northmen, Norsemen, or Normans. 

4. discovery of Greenland Some of these people, 

between eight and nine centuries ago, venturing a long 
way out on the ocean, came to the island of Iceland, and 
afterwards discovered that part of America Avhich is called 
Greenland, where they made settlements. But these, after 
flourishing more than a hundred years, perished, and were 
almost entirely forgotten. It is certain, also, that the Nortli- 
men visited Labrador, Newfoundland, and, perhaps, ^New 
England, and that the last named they called Vineland, from 
the abundance of grapes which they found there.* 

* " They called the land Vineland (or Vinland), by reason of the grapes 
and a kind land. The story goes that Lief, the Fortunate, almost as soon 
as he landed, missed a little old German servant of his father, Tyrker by 
name, and was vexed thereat : during the night he seeks him, and meets him 



Text Questions.— 1. What are the Continents? 2. When did the Western 
Continent become known ? What was known of the Eastern Continent ? What of 
Africa ? 3. Who were the Northmen ? What was their character ? Why were 
they called Northmen, or Normans ? 4. How were Iceland and Greenland dis- 
covered? When were settlements made ? What other places did the Northmen 
visit ? What country did they call Vineland ? 



Discovery of America, 



13 



5, Progress of Geography — But there came a time, 
long after the voyages of these daring Northmen, when peo- 
ple began to desire to know what was on the other side of 
the great ocean which washed the shores of their countries. 
Bold navigators arose who studied geography, made maps 
and charts of the seas over which they had sailed, and tried 
to find a way by which they might learn more of the surface 
of the globe on which they lived. In these efforts they were 
greatly aided by the mariner's compass, which had recently 
come into use. 

6*. The Shape of the Earth. — Most people would not 
believe that the earth was a globe. They thought it was 
flat, and that if any one should sail across the ocean, he 
might come to the end of the earth, and would be in dan- 
ger of falling off.- The men of science, however, were of a 
different opinion: they believed the earth to be round, and 
they wished to learn more about its surface ; but these men 
were comparatively very few. 

7. Coliunhus, — One of the 
boldest and wisest among them 
was Cliristojjher CohwiMis, a na- 
tive of Genoa {jen'-o-ah), in Italy. 
He had studied the subject for 
years, and had made himself fa- 
miliar with all that was then 
known of the science of geog- 
raphy, of which he was very 
fond. He had also made many 
voyages. This great man formed 

coming back with smackino; lips, and talking highly excited in his old na- 
tive German tongue ; and when they got him to talk Norse, he said, ' I 
have news for you. I found vines and grapes for you.' ' Is this true, foster 
father? ' ' It 'is/ says the German, ' for I was brought up where there was 
never a lack of grapes ! ' " — Charles Kim/slei/. 

5. How was progress made hi Geoo;raphv? By Avhat were navigators aided? 
6. What wass tlionglit of the sliape of the earth ? What did the men of science be^ 
lieve? 7. Who was Christopher Columbus ? His si udie;^ and voyages? His proj- 
ect to sail westward ? Its object ? 




Chkistopher Columbus. 



14 History of the United States, 

the bold project of sailing westward across the vast ocean, 
where no ships had ever before been known to go. The 
object of this undertaking was to find a short way to a cer- 
tain rich country in the southeastern part of Asia and the 
islands near it, called India, or the Indies. 

8. The Indies — the route to it, — Many persons had 
already gone to -this country and these islands, and had 
brought back very exciting accounts of the riches to be found 
there, as well as of the singular character of the people, the 
animals, the plants, etc.* A considerable commerce was 
carried on with these countries ; and rich silks, precious 
stones, spices, and other valuable products were brought 
thence ; but the journey to and from the Indies was long 
and dangerous. Vessels sailed through the Mediterranean 
Sea to the northeastern part of Africa, where they were un- 
laden, and the goods were carried on the backs of camels 
across the Isthmus of Suez, and thence again by ^lip down 
the Red Sea, and through the Indian Ocean to the Indies. 
Sometimes the goods were carried overland through Asia, 
with great labor, difficulty, and expense. 

9, Cities inade rich by trade with India, — Venice, 
Florence, and Genoa, cities in the northern part of Italy, 
actively engaged in this trade with the East, and thus became > 
the chief marts for all the rich merchandise. They con- 
sequently became very rich and prosperous, and excited the 
envy of other cities and nations, who greatly desired to share 
in this profitable trade. This they felt they would be able 
to do, if another way to reach the Indies could be found. 

* The first and most extensive traveler among the eastern nations was 
Marco Polo, a Venetian, who passed seventeen years in the service of the 
Khan of Tartary, during which he visited the chief countries and cities of 
Eastern Asia, among them Japan, the existence of which was not previously 
known. He returned to Venice in 1295 ; and subsequently a very interesting 
account of his travels was written, which had a wonderful effect in encourag- 
ing geographical research. It led to the two great discoveries : of America, 
by Columbus ; and of the Cape of Good Hope, by the Portuguese. 

8. What is said of the Indies ? The route thither ? 9. What cities engaged in 
the trade ? What did other cities desire ? 



Discovery of America. 



10, The Portuguese entei'prises. — The people of Por- 
tugal had made great efforts to accomplish this by sailing 
southwardly along the west coast of Africa, hoping to be 
able, if they could sail far enough, to find a way around it, 
and thus render the passage of the Isthmus of Suez un- 
necessary. The foremost in encouraging this undertaking 
was Prince Henry of Portugal, who sent out many vessels, 
one after the other, each of which succeeded in going farther 
than the preceding one. It was not, however, until after the 
voyage of Columbus, that any of the Portuguese vessels suc- 
ceeded in reaching the Cape of Good Hope, and passing 
around it into the Indian Ocean (1497). 

11, Ideas and plan of Columbus, — Columbus believed 
that the shortest way was to cross the Atlantic Ocean; for, 
while he knew that the earth was round, he did not know 
its size, and therefore had the idea that the shores of Asia 
were on the other side of that ocean, being, of course, igno- 
rant of the fact that a great continent lay between Asia and 
Europe. He felt sure he was right ; and that, if he could 
obtain the aid he required in order to supply himself with 
ships and other necessary things for a long voyage, he should 
make great discoveries. 

12, Sow Ms plan was received, — Most of those to whom 
he spoke of his plan, laughed at it. The idea that there 
could be people on the other side of the earth, walking 
with their heads downward, seemed to them absurd. Some 
thought that, since the earth is round, a ship, in going a 
long way across the ocean, would be sailing down hill, and 
that it could never return. Others spoke of terrific monsters 
living in the regions beyond the great sea. Few sailors 
could be persuaded to think of such a voyage. 

IS, Why Columbus was confident, — But Columbus was 
too wise and brave to have any such notions and fears. 

10. What had the Portuguese accomplished? What is said of Prince Henry? 
When was the Cape of Good Hope first passed? 11. What did Columbus believe 
was the best way to reach India ? Why ? 12. How was his plan received? What 
was thought of it ? 13. What made Columbus feel sure that he was right ? 



Discovery of America. 17 

He was confident that beyond the great sea there existed 
lands which were inhabited by human beings. Indeed, he 
knew that pieces of carved wood, and even human bodies had 
been borne by westerly winds across the ocean, and thrown by 
the waves upon the shores of the islands called the Azores', 
the most westerly land then known. 

14:. Sow the King of Portugal treated him The 

King of Portugal was the first monarch from whom he asked 
the assistance he needed; but this monarch was mean and 
dishonest. After hearing the views of Columbus, he secretly 
sent out a ship to make the discovery, and thus obtain all the 
honor and profit for himself; but the Portuguese captain, after 
sailing some time without seeing any glimpse of land, re- 
turned, and reported that Columbus was mistaken. 

15. From tvhom he obtained ai^Z.—Columbus had pre- 
viously made proposals to his native 
city, Genoa, but without success. 
From Portugal he went to Spain, and 
petitioned Ferdinand and Isabella, 
who reigned over that countr}^, to 
undertake the enterprise. For a long 
time his efforts to convince them of 
the truth of his views were unsuccess- 
ful; but finally, when he told the 
good and pious Queen Isabella of all 
the lands which he expected to dis- i&abella. 

cover, and the heathen people who were to be converted to 
Christianity, she became deeply interested in the plan, and 
offered to pawn her jewels to obtain the money needed to 
procure the ships, men, and provisions, required to carry it 
into effect. 

16. Sailing of Columbus, — At last, aided by Isabella, the 
preparations for the voyage were completed. With three small 

14. To whom did he first apply for aid ? What did the Kins of Portugal do ? 
16. To whom did he next apply ? What induced Isabella to offer him aid ? 16. 
How and when did he sail ? From what port ? What appointment had he received ? 




History of tJie United States. 



ships and about ninety sailors, Columbus set out from a port in 
the southern part of Spain, called Palos {pah'-loce), (Aug. 12, 
1492), after he had spent about twenty years in arranging his 
plans and getting the aid needed to carry them into effect. 
He had been appointed by the queen admiral of the fleet, and 
was to be yiceroy of all the countries which he should dis- 
cover. 

17, Incidents of the voyage, — For sixty days Columbus 
and his companions continued to sail westward, but without 
discovering land : they saw nothing but the vast ocean all 
around them. Then the sailors became alarmed, and re- 
solved they would go no farther. They even threatened to 
throw their brave admiral into the sea. But Columbus re- 
mained firm; he persuaded, entreated, and threatened by 
turns, the mutinous men ; and finally told them that if in a 
few days he did not find land, he would return. 

18, Discovery of land, — Soon, however, the signs that 
they were approaching land became very numerous. Birds 
w^ere seen, fresh branches of trees floated near them, and 
the wind wafted the fragrance of flowers and foliage to the 
ships. At length, about ten o'clock on the night of Oc- 
tober 11th, Columbus himself saw a light, and the next 
morning land was plainly in view (October 12, 1492). The 
heart of Columbus beat with joy. 

19, The island and its 2)eo2)le. — This land was found 
to be a beautiful island, and very soon the Spaniards saw 
the inhabitants flocking to the shore to see the strange 
ships — objects unlike anything they had ever seen before. 
These people were without clothing, and seemed to be a 
simple and harmless race. Columbus called them Indians, 
for he thought he had reached one of the islands of the 
Indies. 



17. What were the chief incidents of the voyacje ? How did he quiet the mutinon? 
sailors? 18. What siirns of land became visible? When was land discovered? 
19. What was it found to be? Describe the natives? What were they called by 
Columbus ? Wliy ? 



Discovery of America. 19 

20, Lmiding of Colunihus — Soon the Spaniards landed, 
Columbus leading them, clothed in a gorgeous dress of scar- 
let, and bearing .the royal standard in his hand. They all 
threw themselves on their knees, kissed the ground, and re- 
turned thanks to God for their preservation, and for the 
great discovery they had made. Columbus drew his sword 
and solemnly took possession of the island in the names of 
Ferdinand and Isabella, naming it San Salvador, which 
means Holy Saviour.'^ 

21, Conduct of the sailors and natives, — The sailors 
who had been so mutinous were then very repentant. They 
knelt before Columbus and begged his forgiveness, promis- 
ing thereafter to obey his commands. Indeed, they almost 
worshiped him as a superior being. As for the simple na- 
tives, it may be imagined with what awe and wonder they 
gazed on this scene. At first they fled to the woods in terror, 
but seeing that no attempt was made to harm them, they re- 
turned and approached their strange visitors. 

22, Description of the natives, — They were a copper- 
colored people, having straight, coarse, black hair, but no 
beards ; and their faces and bodies were painted with various 
colors. They were greatly pleased with the glass beads and 
other trinkets which the Spaniards gave them, and freely ex- 
changed for these such provisions as they had, and the little 
ornaments of gold which they wore.f The latter chiefly 
caught the attention of the Spaniards, who desired to know 
where they got that metal. The natives pointed to the so2ith 
as the place where it abounded. 

* This island is one of a large gronp of islands, called the Ba-ha'-mas. 
The natives called it Guanahani {gwah-nah-hah'-ne). 

f " So loving, so tractable, so peaceable are the people," says Columbus 
in his journal, " That I declare to your Majestibrf there is not in the world a 
better nation, nor a better land. They love their neighbors as themselves ; 
and their discourse is ever sweet and gentle, and accompanied with a smile ; 
and though it is true that they are naked, yet their manners are decorous 
and praiseworthy." — Irving' s Life of Columbus. 

20. Describe the landing of Cohimbus. wT did he call the island ? 21. What 
was the conduct of the sailori? ? Of the nativo.-? 22. Character of the natives? 
Their goid trinkets?? 



20 History of the United States, 



23. Other discoveries of Columbus, — After staying a 
few days at San Salvador, Columbus sailed in a southerly 
direction, and soon discovered other islands, the largest of 
which was named C^iia. Another large island he called His-- 
pmi-i-o'-la {Little Spain). On all these islands, he was treated 
with kindness by the natives ; and on his departure he left a 
small colony at Hispaniola.* 

24. Return of Columbus — other voyages, On his re- 
turn to Spain, Columbus was received with very great honor ; 
and the news of his wonderful discovery produced great 
interest and astonishment. \ He afterward made other voy- 
ages ; and, in 1498, succeeded in reaching the continent of 
South America, near the mouth of a large river, called the 
O-rin-o'-co. He was not, however, aware that it was a con- 
tinent, still supposing the lands he had found to be islands 
near Asia. 

25. Columbus in chains — his death, — In his third voy- 
age, the Spaniards rebelled against his authority, and sent 
liim back to Spain in chains. In this condition he appeared 

* Hispaniola was afterwards called San Domingo. The name of Hayti 
{ha -tee) was given to it after the French were expelled in 1803. 

t " To receive him with suitable pomp and distinction, the sovereigns had 
ordered their throne to be placed in public, under a rich canopy of brocade 
of gold, in avast and splendid saloon. Here the king and queen awaited 
his arrival, seated in state, with the Prince Juan beside them, and attended 
by the dignitaries of their court, * * all impatient to behold the man who had 
conferred so inctilculable a benefit upon the nation. At length Columbus 
entered the hall, surrounded by a brilliant crowd of cavaliers, among whom, 
says Las Casas, he was conspicuous for his stately and commanding person, 
which, with his countenance, rendered venerable Vjy his gray hair, gave him 
the august appearance of a senator of Rome ; a modest smile lighted up his 
features, showing that he enjoyed the state and glory in which he came. As 
Columbus approached, the sovereigns arose, as if receiving a person of the 
• highest rank. Bending his knees, he offered to kiss their hands ; but there 
was some hesitation on their part to permit this act of homage. Raising 
him in the most gracious manner, they ordered him to seat himself in their 
presence, a rare honor in this proud and punctilious court." — Irving's Life 
of Columbus. 

23. What other discoveries did Columbus make? Where did he leave a small 
colony? 24. How was Cohunbus received on his return ? What other voyage did 
he make ? When did he discover the Continent? What did he suppose it to be? 
25. What happened in his third voyage? How was he treated by the queen ? By 
the king ? His fourth voyage ? 



Discovery of America. 2 1 

before Isabella, wlio was greatly moved at the sight, and 
ordered the chains to be taken off. The king, however, 
treated him with base ingratitude, never restoring him to his 
ofhce as viceroy, which had been promised him. He after- 
wards made a fourth voyage, in which he explored a part of 
the coast of Darien (1502). » 

26, Columbus, poor and neglected, died in Spain in 1506, 
being about seventy years of age. The king, who had treated 
him so ungratefully while he lived, gave him a pompous 
funeral. * It is sad to think that this great and good man 
should not have received the rcAvards to which he was entitled 
for pointing out the way to a new world. The Spanish 
courtiers, too, were jealous of his fame and of the respect 
with which the good queen treated him. f 

27, Origin of the name America, — The success of Co- 
lumbus induced many other navigators to make voyages 
across the Atlantic ocean, among them Amerigo Vespucci 
{ah-md-re' -go ves-poot'-chee), an Italian (1499), who, on his 
return, wrote an interesting account of the country dis- 
covered. This account was published some time after, and 
thus the continent came to be called after him, America. X 

* His body was deposited in a convent at Val-la-do-lid', Spain, but was 
afterward removed to Seville, Spain. Twenty-three years after, it was taken 
across the Atlantic to Hispaniola, and finally, two hundred and sixty years 
later, was carried with great ceremony to the cathedral at Havana, its pres- 
ent resting place. 

t " A short time after his return from his first voyage, the Grand Car- 
dinal of Spain invited Columbus to a banquet, where he assigned him the 
most honorable place at table. A shallow courtier present, impatient of the 
honors paid to Columbus, and meanly jealous of him as a foreigner, abruptlv 
asked him whether he thought that, in case he had not discovered the Indies, 
there were not other men in Spain who would have been capable of the 
enterprise. To this, Columbus made no immediate reply, but, taking an 
egg, invited the company to make it stand on one end. Every one attempted 
it, but in vain ; whereupon he struck it upon the table so a*s to break the 
end, and left it standing on the broken part ; illustrating in this simple man- 
ner that when he had once shown the way to the New World, nothing was 
easier than to follow it." — Irvinr/'s Life of Columbus. 

t " The name America was first applied to the New World in a work 

26. When and how did lie die? His funeral ? 27. How did the country receive 
the name of America ? Who was Amerigo Vespucci ? 



2 2 History of the Uiiited States. 

CHAPTEK II. 

Other Discoveries by the Spaniards. 

1, jyiscovery of the Pacific Ocean, — For some time the 
Spaniards continued to explore the regions in the northern 
part of South America ; and in 1513 one of the boldest, 
named Bal-bo'-a, with a small company, crossed the Isthmus 
of Da-ri-en', and after many hardships reached the shore of 
the great ocean that stretches beyond. Ignorant of the ex- 
tent of the vast body of water that he saw spread out before 
him to the southward of the Isthmus, he called it the South 
Sea. 

2, Magellan's voyage, — ^hi years afterwards, a Por- 
tuguese navigator, named Ma-gel'-lan, commanding a Span- 
ish squadron consisting of five ships, sailed from Spain to the 
southwest across the Atlantic Ocean, and discovered the strait 
which was named after him. Passing through this strait, he 
reached the ocean previously discovered by Balboa, and sailed 
across it. This ocean he called the Pacific, that is, peaceful, 
for he experienced very mild weather on entering it, and for 
several days after. 

3, Voyage round the tvorld, — Unfortunately, this bold 
sailor was slain in a battle with the warlike natives of one 
of the Phil-ip-pine' Islands ; but his ship kept on the voyage 

written by Martin Waldseemuller, under an assumed name, and printed in 
Lor-raine', Germany, in 1507. This has been clearly proved by Humboldt. 
* * The Spaniards carefully avoided the use of the name America in their 
histories and official documents, in not one of which, anterior to the middle 
of the last century, can the word be found."— Greenhow's Hist, of Oregon 
and California. 

A copy of Waldseemuller's book is among the " Literary Curiosities," under 
a glass case in the British Museum. Another copy was procured by the 
Hon. Charles Sumner, during liis last visit to Europe. It is not known 
that there is a third copy in existence. The work is in Latin. 

Map Questions.— Where is Florida? (Map, p. 10.) Mexico? (Map. p. 10.) 
Straits of Magellan ? (Map of S. America.) Philippine Islands ? (Pacific Ocean.) 

Text Questions.— 1. Whit was done by Balboa? What did he call the body 
of water he discovered? 2. Who was Magellan? What voyage did he make? 
What did he discover? What ocean did he cross ? Why was it called the Pacific? 



Discoveries and Explorations. 23 

westward, passed the Cape of Good Hope, and in this way 
reached Spain, thus completing the first Y03^age ever made 
around the Avorld (1519-22). This yoyage, of course, proved 
America to be a different continent from the Eastern Conti- 
nent, and it was therefore called the We8tern Continent, or 
Neio World. The islands among which Columbus had sailed 
were named the West Indies. 

4. Voyage of Poti-ce' de Le-oii'. — Among a large group 
of these islands, called the Bahamas, it had been reported 
that there was one which contained a very wonderful spring 
which would restore to youthful health and vigor any one 
who should drink of it, or bathe in its waters. Hearing of 
this report, a soldier of distinction, named De Leon [clci 
Jd-on'), who had sailed with Columbus in some of liis voyages, 
determined to go in quest of it (1512), for he was of advanced 
age, and eagerly desired to be young once more. 

5. Discovery of Florida — He sailed about for some time 
among these islands, but the fountain of perpetual youth was 
nowhere to be found. While thus engaged, however, he came 
to a very beautiful country, to which he gave the name of 
Florida, or the Land of Flowers, for the trees all along its 
shores were covered with bright and fragrant blossoms. It 
was Easter Sunday when this land was reached, and the 
mariners had abundance of flowers to celebrate that festival. 
De Leon, a few years afterward, returned to his newly-found 
land, and was mortally wounded in a battle with the natives. * 

6. Discovery of Mexico— the inhabitants, — A short 
time after the discovery of Florida, Mexico was discovered, 
and the Spaniards were very much surprised to find that 
the inhabitants of that country, instead of being naked 

* " Wounded by an arrow, he returned to Cuba to die. * * The dis- 
coverer of Florida had desired immortality on earth, and gained its shadow." 
—Bancroft's His. U. S. 

3. When and how was he slain ? How far did one of his ships sail ? What did 
this prove ? 4. What report existed in regard to the Bahamas ? What did this 
prompt? Who was Ponce de Leon? 5. What land did he reach? Why was it 
called Florida ? How did the death of de Leon occur ? 6, What was the character 
of the Mexicans ? Their king ? To what race did they helong ? 



24 



History of the United States. 



barbarians like the Indians, were a civilized nation, living in 
cities and towns, and having a regular government. Their 
temples and palaces were spacious and magnificent ; and the 
people were dressed in garments of cloth, and wore ornaments 
of gold and silver. Their king, who was named Mon-te-zu'- 
ma, it was said, was very rich. These people belonged to a 
race called the Aztecs. 

7. Expeditio7i of Corfez—Cor'-tez, a brave but cruel 
soldier, was sent with about six hundred men to take pos- 
session of this country. He 
landed with his small army on 
the shores of Mexico in 1519 ; 
and, in order to com]3el his men 
to think only of conquest, by 
cutting off all hope of return, he 
destroyed his ships. He then 
marched through the country 
to the capital, situated about 
two hundred miles from the 
place of his landing, although 
messengers had been dispatched 
by Montezuma to the strangers, 

bearing rich presents, but forbidding them to advance into 
the country. 

8. Death of Montezuma, — Nevertheless, the Spaniards 
were treated with great kindness and civility by Montezuma, 
on their arrival at the capital of his dominions ; but the 
designs of the strangers were soon apparent to the Mexi- 
cans, and they soon began to give tokens of hostility. To 
check this, Cortez artfully made a prisoner of the king, and 
induced him to counsel his people to submit. At this they 
were so much enraged, that they hurled stones and arrows at 
their monarch ; and from the effects of the injuries which he 
thus sustained he soon after died. 




CoiiTEZ. 



7. Who was sent to conquer them ? What did he do on landing? 8. How were 
the Spaniards treated by Montezuma ? What caused the king's death ? 



Discoveries and Explorations. 2 5 



9, Conquest of Mexico, — The Mexicans thereupon rose 
upon the Spaniards, drove them from their city, and pur- 
sued them with great fury. On the retreat, Cortez, finding 
that he must give battle or be destroyed, made a stand against 
his foes, and although his men were so few, he gained a vic- 
tory ; for the Spaniards wore armor and had fire-arms, against 
which the Mexicans had no means of contending. Aided by 
native tribes who had become dissatisfied with the rule of 
their king, Cortez returned to the city and made an entire 
conquest of the country (1521). 

10, Cruelty of the Spmiiards, — It was the desire for 
gold that prompted these Spanish chieftains and their fol- 
lowers to such deeds of hardship and daring. To satisfy this 
cra^dng, they were guilty of the most shocking cruelties and 
crimes. Thus, after capturing the Mexican King Gua-ti- 
mo'-zin, the successor of Montezuma, these ruthless soldiers 
laid him on a bed of burning coals, to compel him to disclose 
where he had concealed his riches ; and a short time after- 
wards, Cortez ordered him to be hanged.* Thousands of 
the unfortunate Mexicans were slain by this relentless chief, 
and his soldiers, in completing the conquest of the country. 

11, Spaniards in Florida, — Having found so much 
wealth in Mexico, the Spaniards thought they should be 
equally successful in exploring Florida ; \ and this belief was 

* " Gua-ti-mo'-zin bore whatever the refined cruelty of his tormentors 
could inflict, with the invincible fortitude of an American Avarrior. His 
fellow-sufferer, overcome by the violence of his ano:uish, turned a dejected 
eye towards his master, which seemed to implore his permission to reveal 
all he knew. But the high-spirited prince, darting on him a look of au- 
thority mingled with scorn, checked his weakness by asking, ' Am I now 
reposing on a bed of flowers V Overawed by the reproach, the favorite per- 
severed in his dutiful silence, and expired." — Eoberffiofi's History of America. 

t "It must be recollected that the name of Florida then designated a vast 
extent of country, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico, northwestwardly, 
towards unknown regions. The division of the country, as marked upon the 
maps, were Florida at the south, extending to the north of Chesapeake, and 
meeting New France." — Fairbanks' s History of Florida. 

9. What followed ? How was Mexico conquered r 10. What was the motive of 
the Spaniards in these conquests? What cruelties did they commit ? Their treat- 
ment of Gnatimozin ? 11. What ideas were entertained in regard to Florida? 
Whose ambition was incited by reports of its wealth ? Who was De Soto ? 

2 



26 Histo7^y of the United States. 




strengthened by the reports of some persons who had wandered 
through a part of that country. These statements particu- 
larly incited the ambition and avarice 
of a rich and brave cavalier, named 
De Soto, who had already gained 
wealth and distinction in the con- 
quest of Peru. 

12. De Soto\*i Expedition, — He 
therefore sought and obtained per- 
mission from the king of Spain to 
conciuer this country, at his own ex- 

De Soto. ^ ^' 

pense, and was also appointed gov- 
ernor of Cuba. He soon succeeded in collecting a company of 
gay cavaliers, all brave, and thirsting for conquest and riches 
like himself, and caused ten vessels to be equipped for the 
voyage. With these and his little army of about six hundred 
men, he set sail for the New World in 1538. After stopping 
at Cuba and leaving his wife to govern that island, he sailed to 
Florida, and in the summer of 1539, commenced his march 
towards the fancied land of gold. 

13. Discovery of tJie Mississippi. — For nearly three 
years, he and his companions wandered in the wilderness, 
suffering dreadful hardships ; for the natives were warlike 
and hostile, and constantly opposed the invaders' march. In 
1541, they reached the banks of the Mississippi River, which 
they crossed and penetrated into the region beyond.* Worn 
out at last with hardships, care, and disappointment, for there 
were no signs of the M Dorado, or land of Gold, which he 
expected to find, De Soto returned to the Mississippi. There 
he was stricken with disease, and death, in a few days, relieved 
him of his miseries. 

* De Soto crossed the Mississippi not far from the 35th parallel of lati- 
tude ; and wandei-ed over the region probably as far north as the Missouri. 



12. What permission and appointment did he obtain ? What preparations did he 
make ? When did he land in Florida? 13. How long did the Spaniards wander in 
ihe wilderness ? What river did they reach and crosa ? Where did De Soto die ? 



1498.] Discoveries and Explorations. 27 

14:. End of the Expedition, — His followers were greatly 
troubled by his death, for it was the fear of the great white 
chief that prevented the Indians from making an attack 
upon the invaders. The Spaniards, therefore, endeavored 
to conceal De Soto's death from the natives by sinking his 
remains in the waters of the great river which he had dis- 
covered.* A short time afterward, they succeeded in build- 
ing some frail boats, in which they sailed down the Missis- 
sippi to the Gulf, and finally reached a Spanish settlement. , 



CHAPTER III. 

Discoveries by the French akd Eitglish. 

1, First Discoveries by the English, — The discoveries 
and explorations of the Spaniards were chiefly confined to 
the regions bordering on the Gulf of Mexico and the Ca- 
ribbean Sea, and the islands of the West Indies. A few 
3^ears after the first voyage of Columbus, the English, under 
an Italian navigator named John Cab'-ot, reached Labrador ; 
and his son Sebastian, the following year (1498), sailed along 
the coast from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay. 

2, Verrazzani's Voyage — The French, some time after 
this, sent out ships to make discoveries in the New World. 
Under an Italian navigator, named Verrazzani (ver-rat- 

* "Their condition, on the death of their commander, was most forlorn. 
Few of their horses remained alive ; their bacgaoe had been destroyed, and 
many of the soldiers were without armor and "weapons. In place of the 
.crallant array which, more than three years before, had left the harbor of 
Espiritu Santo, a company of sickly and starving men vere laborinjr among 
the swampy forests of the Mississippi, some clad in skins, and some in mats 
woven from a kind of wild vine." — Parhman. 



Map Questions. —(Map. p. 10.) Where is the Gulf of Mexico ? The St. Law 
rence River? New Brunswiclv ? Nova Scotia ? Newfoundland? Quebec? Cnpe 
Cod? Maine? Lake Champlain ? St. Augustine ? Elizabeth Islands ? What part 
of the country was called Carolina ? What, Virjrinia ? 

Text Questions.— 14, What was done with De Soto's remains ? Whv ? Plow 
did his followers escnpe? 1. To what were the discoveries and explorations of the 
Spaniards confined ? What were the first explorations made by the English ? 




28 History of the United States. [1534. 

tsah'-ne), they sailed along the eastern shore of North Amer- 
ica from Cape Fear, entered the harbors of New York 
and Newport, and continued their voyage 
beyond Nova Scotia. Verrazzani called the 
country which he had seen New France. 
His voyage was made in 1524. 

S. Discovery of the St, Lawrence, 

— A few years after this (1534) the French, 

under another navigator, named Cartier 

verkazzani. [car-te-d'), discovered the great river St. 

Lawrence, and tried to form a settlement on its banks, but 

they were not successful. Quebec, the oldest town in Canada, 

was not founded till 1608. 

4. Settleinents of the French Protestants, — But long 
before this, the French Protestants tried to find, in the 
regions farther south, a home where they might live in peace 
and worship God in freedom. They made a settlement in 
Carolina (1562), but this was soon after abandoned ; * and 
then they attempted another in Florida (1564), but the set- 
tlers were killed by the Spaniards, who claimed all that region 
as their own. The Spaniards then (1565) founded St. Au- 
gustine, now the oldest town in the United States. 

5. Acadia and Port Moyal, — Many years afterward 

* 'Trom the beacli at Hilton Head (Carolina), they watched the receding 
ships growing less and less on the vast expanse ot blue, dwindling to faint 
specks, then vanishing on the pale verge of the waters (1562). They were 
alone in those fearful solitudes. From the North Pole to Mexico, there was 
no Christian denizen but them." — Parhnan. 

This was on the departure of Ribaut [re-ho'), the chief of_ the expedition. 
" Twenty-six men remained to keep possession of the continent." There, 
after Avaiting in vain several months for the return of Kibaut, they, put to 
sea in a small vessel which they had constructed. The sufferings which they 
endured on the voyage, because of their want of food, were frightful, but a 
remnant of their number at length reached France. " One day they cast 
lots for the life of one of their number, who was sacrificed, and .his flesh di- 
vided equally." — Fairhank's History of Florida. 

2. Give an account of Verrazzaiii's voyage. What name did he give to the coun- 
try? 3 When and by whom was the St. Lawrence River discovered? When was 
Quebec founded ? 4. Where, before this, did tiie French Protestants try to settle ? 
What is Slid of the settlement in Carolina? In Florida ? What town was settled 
by the Spaniards in 1565 ? 



1605.] Discoveries by the French and English. 29 

(1605), Protestants from France settled in a region called by 
them Acadia, which included the present provinces of New 
Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Their first town was named 
Port Royal, for it had a magnificent harbor. 

6, Chainplain. — An expedition, under a leader named 
Champlain, entered the St. Lawrence in 1608;* and the 
next year, with an Indian war-party, Champlain sailed up 
the lake which now boars his name, being the first European 
to gaze upon its expansive waters and picturesque shores 
(1609). 

7. Drake's Voyage, — During the reign of the famous 
Queen Elizabeth, a very remarkable voyage was made by 
Francis Drake, a noted English captain. After cruising 
about for several months, he passed through the strait of 
Magellan, and entered the Pacific Ocean, for the purpose of 
plundering the Spanish settlements on the coast of South 
America. Sailing north as far as the 42 d parallel, he stopped 
at one of the harbors — probably San Francisco Bay — to refit 
(1579) ; and thence steered across the Pacific, returning by 
that route to England (1580). This was the first voyage 
round the world after that of Magellan, f 

* " Five years before, he had explored the St. Lawrence as far as the rapids 
above Montreal. On its banks, as he thought, Avas the true site for a settle- 
ment, a fortified post, Avhence, as from a secure basis, the waters of the vast 
interior might be traced back to their sources, and- a western route discovered 
to China and the East. Fain, too, would he unveil the mystery of that 
boundless wilderness, and plant the Catholic faith and the power of France 
amid its ancient barbarism." — Parhnan. 

t The western coast of North America was first explored by the Span- 
iards. Expeditions, sent by Cortez, examined the California peninsula. 
Alarcon {uk-lar'-son), 6ent by the governor of Mexico in 1540, ascended the 
Colorado River beyond the Gila (he'-lah) ; and Coronado {ko-ro-nah' -do) , also 
sent at the same time, wandered for three years over the regions now known 
as Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada (1.540-1543). In 
1542, Cabrillo [cab-reel' -yo) , commanding two vessels, sent by the Mexican 
governor, examined the coast as far as the northern limits of San Francisco 
Bay ; but, dying, his pilot, Fer-re'-lo, next year continued the exploration 
as far north, probably, as the latitude of 43 degrees. 

5. When and by whom was Acadia settled ? What did it include ? What was 
the first settlement? 6. What is said of Champlain's expedition? What lake did 
he discovoi ? 7. What remarkable voyage was made during Queen Elizabeth's 
reign ? What route did Drake take ? In what year did he reach England ? 



30 



History of the United States, [isss. 



8, GilherVs Voyage — During the same reign, the Eng- 
lish made several attempts to form settlements in the New 
World. Sir Humphrey Gilbert tried to plant a colony on 
the island of Newfoundland (1583), but failed, and on his 
return, his vessel foundered, and all on board perished.* 

9. lialeiffh's Expedition,— Virginia. — The next year, 
the celebrated courtier. Sir Walter Raleigh (rmo'-le), sent 

out two vessels, with a similar 
purpose. These sailed to the 
coast of Carolina, and the voy- 
agers landed on Roanoke Island. 
They found the region very de- 
lightful ; and, on their return, 
told the queen of its beauty and 
fertility, who, therefore, said it 
should be called Virginia, for it 
had been discovered during the 
reign of the virgin* queen. 

10. Other Expeditions by 
the EnglisJi. — Other expeditions were sent out by Raleigh, f 
but they did not succeed in making a permanent settle- 

* " Gilbert hncl sailed in the Squirrel, a bark of ten tons only, and, there- 
fore, convenient for entering harbors, and approaching the coast. On the 
homeward voyage, the brave admiral would not forsake his little company, 
with whom he had encountered so many storms and perils. A des])erate 
resolution ! The Aveather was extremely rough ; the oldest mariner had 
never seen 'more outrageous seas.' The little frigate, not more than twice 
as large as the long-boat of a merchantman, ' too small a bark to pass 
through the ocean sea at that season of the year,' was nearly wrecked. The 
general, sitting abaft with a book in his hand, cried out to those in the hind, 
' We are as near to heaven by sea as by land.' That same night, the lights 
of the Squirrel suddenly disappeared ; and neither vessel, nor any of its 
crew, was ever seen again." — Bancroft. 

f The tobacco plant was first carried to England by some of Raleigh's re- 
turning colonists, and he introduced the habit of smoking it. "It is related 
that when his servant entered his room with a tankard of ale, and for the 
first time saw the smoke issuing from his master's month and nostrils, he 
cast the liquor in his face. Terribly frightened, he alarmed the household 
with the intelligence that Sir Walter was on fire." 

8. What was done during Queen Elizabeth's reisn? Give an account of Gilbert's 
voyage. 9. Give an account of the expedition sent out by Raleigh. Why was the 
country called Virginia? 




Raleigh. 



1602.] Virginia, 31 

ment. Bartholomew Gosnold, a noted captain, who dis- 
covered Cape Cod* in 1602, also tried to plant a colony, 
selecting for its site one of the Elizabeth Islands, which he 
had discovered and named \\ but the settlers became alarmed 
at the Indians, and, discouraged by the want of supplies, 
soon returned to England. The southern shores of Maine 
were also explored by the English about this time (1603). 



CHAPTER lY. 

VlRGII^IA. 

-Z. Although the English had failed, in the expeditions they 
had sent out, to make settlements in the newly-discovered 
regions beyond the ocean, they were not discouraged. Ea- 
leigh could send no more ships to America : he was kept in 
prison by King James, the successor of the great queen ; for 
he had been condemned on a charge of treason.]; But the 
accounts given of the fertility, delightful climate, and wealth 
of Virginia, made many desire to go there, to bring back some 

* Cape Cod was the first spot in New England ever trod by Englishmen. 

f " The westernmost of the islands was named Elizabeth, from the queen 
— a name which has been transferred to the whole group. There is on the 
island a pond, and within it lies a rocky islet. This was the position which 
the adventurers selected for their residence. Here they built their store- 
house and their fort : and here the foundations of the first New England 
colony were to be laid." — Bancroft. 

J During his imprisonment he wrote a History of England. Being re- 
leased, in order that he might point out a gold mine which he said existed 
in the northern part of South America, and having failed in the expedition, 
he was, on his return, beheaded, under the sentence which for several years 
had been forgotten CI6I8). " He met death with the most heroic indiiference. 
Before he laid his head upon the block he felt the edge of the ax, and said, 
with a smile upon his face, that it was a sharp medicine, but would cure the 
worst disease. When he was bent down, ready for death, he said to the 
executioner, finding that he hesitated, ' What dost thou fear ? Strike, man ! ' 
So the ax came down and struck his head off, in the sixty-sixth year of his 
age." — Dicken.fs England. 

Text Questions.— 10. What other expeditions were sent out by the English? 
Who discovered Cape Cod ? Where did Gosnold attempt a settlement ? With what 
result? What exploration was made in 1603 ? 1. What induced lurtlier attempts 
to settle Virginia? 



32 



History of the United States, 




I 

Map Questions.— Name Ave rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. What two 
capes* are at the entrance of the bay ? To what large body of water is Chesapeake 
Bay tributary ? An^.— The Atlantic, Ocean. How was Jamestown situated ? Into 
what body of water docs the Chowan River flow? What other river flows into 
Albemarle Sound ? How is the Island of Roanoke situated ? 



1607.] 



Virginia. 



33 




Seal, of Virginia. 



The command 



of its rich products, or to find a home in which they might 
Hve in ease and idleness. 

^. London Company, — A number of rich men, noble- 
men, merchants, and others, formed 
a company called the London Com- 
pany, and obtained from the king a 
grant of land Ipng between the 
thirty-fourth and thirty-eighth par- 
allels, which they were empowered to 
settle and govern. This company 
provided three small ships, provisions, 
tools, etc., and sent out a colony con- 
sisting of one hundred and five men, 
who were to make a settlement in Virginia, 
was given to Captain Christopher Newport. 

3. Settlement at Jamestotvn, — They were directed to 
settle on Roanoke Island, but Avere driven by adverse winds 
northward into Chesapeake Bay, and discovered a river, which 
they named James River, in honor of the king. They found 
the country very delightful, and sailing up this stream about 
fifty miles, they selected a place for a settlement, and called 
it Jamestown (1607). 

4. Character of the Colonists — The men sent out were 
but poorly fitted to settle in a wild country. Of the one 
hundred and five, only twelve were laborers, and there were 
but few mechanics ; of the latter only four were carpen- 
ters. The greater number were poor gentlemen, bankrupt 
tradesmen, and idle adventurers — men who, having wasted 
their fortunes in dissipation, were eager to repair them in 
order to renew their former life of slothful enjoyment. Such 
men Avere of little use in cutting down trees and bnilding 
huts ; and hence the work went on slowly. 

5. Dissensions afnong the Colonists, — Even before they 



2. What was the London Company ? What grant was made to it ? What expe- 
dition was sent out ? 3. Where was a settlement made ? 4. What was the char- 
acter of the settlers ? 

2* 



34 History of the United States. [1607. 

landed, quarrels had broken out among the emigrants, and 
these became more bitter as they were compelled to en- 
dure the labor and hardships of a life in the wilderness. 
They selected for their president a man named Wing'-field ; 
but he was mean and selfish ; and as their troubles increased 
from want and sickness, it was found that he had arranged 
to desert them, taking away their provisions and their only 
vessel. They accordingly deposed him, and appointed in his 
place one Rat'-clille. He, however, proved entirely incajpable 
of the task of governing the colony (1607). 

6, John Sinith, — But there was one man among the 
emigrants who was equal to the task. This was the famous 

Captain John Smith.* Jealous 
of his fame and his great abilities, 
the leaders of the expedition had 
quarreled with him on board of 
the ship, and had placed him. in 
confinement, but, on landing, he 
had been released. Finding that 
he was not allowed to be of use in 
the settlement, he had busied him- 
self in exploring the country, and 
had some wild and romantic ad- 
ventures with the Indians. 

7. Smith and Pocahontas — Once, as he narrated, he 
was captured by the savages, and conducted to the great chief 
Pow-ha-tan', who, after considerable deliberation, condemned 
him to death. Smith was accordingly bound, and his head 

* Smith had traveled through a large part of Europe, and had passed a 
very adventurous life. He had fouirht against the Turks ; had been cap- 
tured in battle, and made a slave ; had been rescued from slavery through 
the compassion of his Turkish mistress, and had been sent by her to Russia, 
where he was treated as a serf. Rising against his task-master, he slew him, 
and fled from the country. Thence, in search of new adventures and dan- 
gers, he went to Morocco ; and at length returned to England in time to 
embark in the enterprise of settling the New World. (See page 43, 1[ 2.) 

5. What trouhles arose ? Who was marie president ? His character and conduct ? 
His successor ? 6. What is said of John Smith ? 




JoHK Smith. 



1608.] Virginia. 35 

placed on a block, while the Indian warrior stood ready to 
despatch him with his club, Avhen Pocahontas, the young 
daughter of Powhatan, rushed betAveen the ca^^tain and his 
foe, and begged her father to spare him. The stern savage 
was moved by the appeal, and ordered that the prisoner 
should be released.* 

8, Conduct of the Indians, — At first, the Indians had 
been friendly to the settlers ; but the dissolute and un- 
ruly characters among the latter often treated the natives 
with insult, and robbed them of their corn. This produced 
liostilities which caused great suffering and distress in the 
colony. Pocahontas, however, was very friendly, and she 
and her companions often came to the fort to supply the 
English with corn. 

9, Adniinistrcition of Smith, — Owing to the inefficiency 
of Ratcliffe, the colonists felt compelled to rely u2)on Smith 
to conduct their affairs. By his prudence and vigor he 
saved the colony ; for, on his return from his Indian ex- 
pedition, he found only forty of the settlers remaining, and 
the strongest of these were preparing to escape with the pin- 
nace ; but Smith turned the guns of the fort upon them, and 
compelled them to return. Smith, a few months later, was 
made president of the council (1608). 

10, The Gold Excitement — Before this, one hundred 
and twenty new settlers had arrived, chiefly "vagabond 
gentlemen and goldsmiths ; " and finding a kind of glittering 
earth, which they thought was gold, there was for a time "no 
talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, 
load gold." Captain Newport, indeed, returned to England 
with his vessel freidited with this worthless stuff. Mean- 



* Smith's own words are : " Pocahontas, the kind's clearest dauo^hter, j^ot 
his head in her ai*mes, and laid her owne upon his to save him fi'om death." 
This story is not now believed. It is thoujj:ht that when Smith wrote the ac- 
count (in 1622), he did so for the purpose of drawing attention to his adventures. 

7, What story did Smith narrate of Pocahontas? 8. What was the conduct of 
the Indians ? 9. What was done by Smiih '? 10. What addition was made to the 
Bettleraent ? Describe the gold excitement. How did Smith employ himself ? 



36 History of the United States. [leos. 

while, Smith, disgusted with the folly of the settlers, emjoloyed 
himself in exploring Chesapeake Bay and its tributary rivers, 
of which he made a map (1608). 

11. Neiv A7'rivals.—^e\ei\iy other settlers arrived, of 
whom two Avere females ; and the Company sent out a demand 
that the colonists should send back a " large lump of gold," 
or should discover how the South Sea might be reached. 




The Attempt at Desektion Frustrated. 

They had become disappointed at the failure to realize any 
wealth from the expeditions, and threatened the settlers that 
they should be " left in Virginia as banished men," if they did 
not pay the costs of the expedition. 

11. Starving Time. — Smith continued to manage the 
affairs of the colony Avith vigor and success ; but having been 
injured by an explosion of gunpowder, he was compelled to 

11. What further addition to the s'^ttlenient was made? What did the London 
Company demand ? 12. Wliy did Smith leave the colony ? What hardships were 
suffered ? What is this period called ? 



1610.] Virginia. 37 

return to England to obtain surgical aid. There were nearly 
live hundred men in the colony when he left ; but so idle and 
lielpless were they, tliat in a few months famine and disease, 
and the hostilities of the Indians had reduced their number 
to sixty. This dreadful period, extending over the first half 
of 1610, was long remembered as the " starving time." 

13, New Charter, — In the meantime, another charter 
had been obtained by the London Company, according to 
which Lord Delaware had been appointed governor of the 
colony (1609). Captain Newport, with Sir Thomas Gates 
and Sir George Som'-ers, was sent to Virginia with a fleet of 
nine vessels, and more than five hundred emigrants, in ad- 
vance of the governor. A severe storm scattered the fleet, 
and the vessel containing the three commissioners was wrecked 
on the Somers, or Ber-mu'-da Islands. One of the other 
vessels foundered, so that only seven reached the James 
River. (See Map, p. 10.) 

14, Arrival of Gates and Jiis Associates, — Those who 
had been Avrecked on the Bermudas succeeded at last in con- 
structing two small vessels, in which they reached James- 
town, expecting to find a flourishing colony ; but instead of 
that there was a dreadful scene of famine and death. The 
few that remained alive had resolved to leave the settlement, 
and sail to Newfoundland, where they hoped, by begging 
food from the fishermen, to be enabled to return to England. 
They were prevented from burning the fort and town only 
l)y the energy of Sir Thomas Gates, who, in the absence of 
the governor, ruled the colony (1610). 

15, Lord Delaware's Administration, — They were sail- 
ing down the river when they met the vessels of the new 
governor, Lord Delaware, who had arrived with more em- 
igrants and supplies. This inspired them with fresh hope 

13. What chaiiee occurred? Who was appointed governor? Who were sent in 
advance? What disaster happened? Where are the Bermuda Islands? (See Map, 
p. 10.) 14. How did Gates and his party reach Jamestown? How did they find 
the colony? What followed? 15. Where did they meet the fleet of Lord Dela- 
ware ? What followed ? What is said of Delaware ? 



38 History of the United States, [I610. 

and courage, and they returned. Under Lord Delaware, who 
was a prudent and kind-hearted man, the colony prospered. 
The idle and reckless settlers had died, and those who re- 
mained seemed disposed to work and be industrious.* Un- 
fortunately, Lord Delaware was soon compelled by ill-health 
to return to England, leaving the colony to be ruled by a 
deputy (1610). 

16*. Marriage of JPocahofitas—her Death, — In 1613 
Pocahontas was married to a young Englishman named John 
Eolfe (rolf). This event had the 
effect of confirming friendly rela- 
tions with Powhatan and his tribe, 
as well as with some of the neighbor- 
ing tribes of Indians. Three years 
after her marriage, Pocahontas was 
taken to England by her husband, 
Avliere she was received as a prin- 
cess, being presented at court, and 
treated with marked attention by 
all classes. When about to return 

, , , . , , -, Pocahontas. 

to her native country, she sud- 
denly died, leaving a son from whom are descended many 
well-known families of Virginia. 

17* Cultivation of Tobacco — At first the settlers cul- 
tivated the land in common ; but this did not 23romote in- 
dustry, and it was found best to give each man a few acres to 
till for himself. The cultivation of tobacco commenced in 
1615, and soon became the general pursuit. There were no 
more gold-seekers ; " the fields, the gardens, the public 

* " At the beginning of the day, they assembled in the little church, which 
was kept neatly trimmed with the wild flowers of the country ; next, they 
returned to their houses to receive their allowance of food. The settled 
hours of labor were from six in the morninc; till ten, and from two in the 
afternoon till four. The houses were warm and secure, covered above with 
stron^' boMrds, and matted on the inside after the fashion of the Indian wig- 
wams." — Bancroft. 

16. To whom was Pocahontas married? The effect of the marriage on the In- 
dians? Her visit to England? Her death? Her descendants ? 17. What is said 
of the cultivation of tobacco ? 




1619.] Virginia, 39 

squares, and even the streets of Jamestown were planted with 
tobacco," which became not only the staple product, but 
served as money for the colonists. 

18, Legislative Assemhly, — The real prosperity of Vir- 
ginia dates from the arrival of Sir George Yeardley {yarcl'-le), 
in 1619. He put an end to the cruel martial law, by which 
the colony had been ruled, and established the principles of 
free government by permitting the colonists to elect their 
OAvn legislature. In July, 1619, delegates from each of the 
eleven plantations met at Jamestomi. This was the first 
legislative assembly in the IN'ew World. 

19, Introduction of Slavery, — Slavery was introduced 
into the English colonies in 1619. In that year a Dutch trading 
vessel from Africa sailed up the James Eiver, and landed twen- 
ty negroes, who were sold as slaves to the colonists.* The 
cultivation of cotton was commenced two years after (1621). 

20, Iniportafioti of Wives, — As yet there were but few 
families in the colony, and the men worked only with the 
intention of amassing enough wealth to enable them to 
return home. In 1620, the treasurer of the Company in- 
duced one hundred and fifty young women of good reputa- 
tion to embark for Virginia. The young planters eagerly 
paid one hundred pounds of tobacco each in order to obtain 
a wife, that being at first the expense of each woman's passage. 
Afterwards, the price was raised to one hundred and fifty 
pounds. Domestic ties soon bound the settlers to their new 
homes, and the idea of returning to England was abandoned. 

* " These negroes the planters purchased on trial, and the bargain was 
found to be so good that in a short time negroes came to be in great demand 
in Virginia. Nor were the planters long indebted to the chance visits of the 
Dutch ships for a supply of negro laborers ; for the English merchants em- 
barked in the traffic, and instructed the captains of their vessels visiting the 
African coast to barter for negroes as well as for wax and elephants' teeth. * * 
Before the middle of the seventeenth century all Europe was implicated in 
the buying and selling of negroes." — Robert Chambers. 

18. Who arrived in Kil 5? His measures ? First legislative assembly ? 19. What 
was introdnced in ifil9? In what way? 20. What were imported in 16-20? How 
paid for ? What effect had this upon the prosperity of the colony ? 



40 History of the United States. [1622. 

21, Indian Massacre — About this time Powhatan, the 
father of Pocahontas, died. This was an unfortunate event 
for the colonists ; for his successor, jealous of the increas- 
ing numbers of the white settlers, commenced a war against 
them, during Avhich, in one day, the Indians massacred 
about three hundred and fifty men, women, and children 
(March 22, 1G22). The settlers, in return, slaughtered 
great numbers of the savages, and drove the rest into the 
wilderness. The numbers of the settlers were greatly re- 
duced, but peace was secured for more than twenty years. 

22, Virginia a Royal Province, — The London Com- 
pany had spent vast sums of money in the settlement of 
Virginia, and as yet had received but very slight returns. 
The king, however, becoming displeased with the manner in 
which they discussed their aifairs at the public meetings, 
took away their charter ; and Virginia thus became a royal 
province (1G24). 

23, Groivfh of the Colony, — Prom this time the col- 
ony continued to prosper. The people raised large quanti- 
ties of tobacco, cotton, and corn, which they exchanged for 
such goods as they needed from England and other countries. 
The soil was very fruitful, and the climate delightful ; so that 
Virginia was said to be ^Hhe best poor man's country in the 
world." In 1G48, the population amounted to 20,000, not- 
withstanding a second massacre by the Indians four years 
before. 

24i, Virginia during the English Civil War, — During 
the great civil war in England between King Charles I. and 
the Parliament, the people of Virginia were generally on 
the side of the king ; but when the w^ar was over, and the 
king was defeated and beheaded, they submitted to the forces 
sent by Cromwell, who was at the head of the English gov- 

21. What led to an Indian war? Its result? 22. When and how did Virginia 
become a royal province? 23. Describe the growth of the colony. What is said 
of the country ? What was its population in 1048? 24. W^hat happened during the 
English civil war? At its close? On the restoration of the king ? What was Vir- 
ginni called ? 



1660.] Virginia, 41 

ernment. On the return of Charles II. to the throne, in 
1G60, they gladly acknowledged him. On account of their 
faithfulness to the royal authority, A^irginia was often spoken 
of as the " Old Dominion." 

25, Ojypressive Measures of England, — The colonists 
were obliged to submit to many oppressive measures on the 
part of tlie mother country. By a law called the Naviga- 
tion Act, the^ were forbidden to export or import any goods 
except in British vessels, and they were not allowed to ship 
any of their staple products to any country except England. 
This law caused great discontent in the colony ; and was the 
means of exciting a rebellion called Bacon's Rebellion, from 
the name of a popular leader, Nathaniel Bacon. 

26, Bacon's Hebellion, — Sir William Berkeley had been 
governor for many years, and had been quite popular ; but 
the people became dissatisfied with him because he carried 
out so strictly the oppressive measures of England, and also 
because he took no sufficient means to suppress the hostile 
attacks of the Susquehanna Indians. In 1676, a large num- 
ber of the colonists revolted from his authority, and set up a 
government under Nathaniel Bacon. 

27, Death of Bacon During the civil war that fol- 
lowed, Jamestown was burned,* and many plantations were 
laid waste. In the midst of it, however. Bacon died ; and the 
insurrection immediately ended, his followers laying down 
their arms, on the promise of a general pardon. Berkeley, 
however, was very severe in his punishment of the rebels, 
many of whom were executed (1677). f 

2S, Calxiepper's Aclministratioti In 1673, Charles II. 

* "I find no vestiges of the ancient town (Jamestown), except the ruins of 
a church-steeple and a disordered group of old tombstones. The ruin of the 
steeple is about thirty feet high, and mantled to its very summit with ivy." — 
Wm. Wirt. 

t " More blood was shed than, on the action of our present system, would 

25. By what measureni was Virginia oppressed? TcT what did they lead ? 26. 

What were the causes of Bacon's Rebellion ? 27. What occurred during the war? 

How did it end ? What followed ? 28. To whom was Virginia granted ? How long 

did it continue under Culpepper ? What followed ? 



42 History of the U^iited States. [leoe. 

granted the whole of Virginia to Lord Culpepper and the 
Earl of Arlington, two of his favorites, for the term of thirty- 
one years. After the recall of Berkeley, in 1677, Culpepper 
assumed the government, which he administered till 1684, 
when the king revoked the grant, and Virginia once more be- 
came a royal province, and so remained till the Kevolution 
in 1776. 



CHAPTER V. 

New Ei^gland. 



1, The Tlymoutli Company — It has already been stated 
that King James, in 1606, granted to the London Comj^any 
the land lying between the thirty-fourth and thirty-eighth 
parallels, called South Virginia, this being the southern part 
of the territory which the English claimed on account of the 
discoveries made by the Cabots. The northern portion, lying 
between the forty-first and the forty-fifth parallels, he granted 
to a company called the Plymouth Company.* This Com- 
pany, in 1607, began to form a settlement at the mouth of 

be shed for political offences in a thousand years, * The old fool/ said the 
kind-hearted Charles II., alludintr to Berkele}^ ' has taken away more lives 
in that naked country, than I, for the murder of ray father.' * * It Avas on 
the occasion of this rebellion, that English troops were first introduced into 
the English colonies in America." — Bancroft. 

* " This patent conveyed a grant of the land along the coast for fifty 
miles, on each side from the place of their first habitation, and extending 
one hundred miles into the interior." — Edward Everett. 

\ " Captain George Popham was their president. They went to work 
building a fort, storehouse, dwellings, and even a atsscI. * * She was called 
the " Virginia," and her size was thirty tons. Her first voyage Avas made 
the next year to Virginia, and thence to England. Therefore the Kennebec 
River, which has since sent out so many vessels, has the honor of producing 
the first vessel built by English hands in America."— Varneifs Hist, of 
Maine. 

" The first decked vessel {having a full deck) built Avithin the limits of the old 
United States, of Avhich Ave have any accounts, Avas constructed on the banks 
of the Hudson, Avitbin the present limits of New York, during the summer of 
1614."— Cooper's Naval Hist. U. S. 



1614.] New England, 43 

the Kennebec River, f but misfortunes discouraged the set- 
tlers, the most of whom returned to England, and the others 
went to Jamestown, Virginia. 

2, Smith's Exploration.— After this, nothing was done 
till 1614, when Captain John Smith, having recovered from 
the injuries which he had received in Virginia, w^ent on a 
voyage of trade and discovery to the region near Cape Cod. 
He explored -the coast from the cape as far as the Penobscot 
Eiver, and called the whole region JVew E^iglaiid.^ 

3, Tlie Puritans, — There were at that time in England a 
large number of people wdio did not believe that it was right 
to worship God in the manner required by the laws of the 
country, and as they were very strict in their religious notions 
and mode of living, they were nicknamed Puritans. But 
King James was determined that all should attend the parish 
churches as provided by law, and would not allow any of the 
people to choose their own ministers and places of worship, 
as many thought they had a right to do. 

4, The result was, these people were obliged to meet 
secretly, often at night, to worship as they thought right, and 
when discovered, they were punished, sometimes by im- 
prisonment. At length some of them left their homes in 
England with their pastor, John Robinson, and lived for a 
time in Holland ; but hearing of the newly-discovered lands 
beyond the ocean, and thinking that in such a country they 

* Smith published a " Description of New Encrland," which was printed 
in 1616. This contains a very carious and interestins: map of the country 
which he explored. On this map was the name of Plymouth. " On his re- 
turn to Ens;land, Smith was permitted to present a copy of his map and of 
a journal of his voyaije to the king's second son, afterwards Kinc Charles I., 
who, at his solicitation, gave names, principally of English towns, to some 
thirty points upon the coast." — Palfreij's History of Neic Ew/hnid. 



Map Questions.— (Map, p. 45.) Where is Cape Cod? Cape Cod Bay? Ply- 
mouth? Salem? Boston? Little Harbor? Dover? Merrimac River ? Piscataqua 
River ? Providence ? 

Text Questions.— 1. What arrant was made to the Plymouth Company ? What 
settlement did they attempt. 2. Who explored the coa?t of New England? Give 
an acconnt of it? 3. Who were the Puritans? Whv persecuted? 4. What did 
some of them do ? What induced them to leave Holland ? 



44 



History of the United States. [1620. 



could live, and worship God, in entire freedom, they resolved 
to go there. 

5. Sailing of the May/lower, — After much trouble, they 
obtained a grant from the London Company ; and leaving 
their aged pastor and others who could not undertake so long 
a voyage, they left Holland in a vessel called the Speedwell, 



a JE RMA.N 
O C EAN 




and sailed to Southampton, in England. There they were 
joined by some other Puritans, in a vessel called the May- 
flower ; and the two ships soon set sail, but had not gone far 
when the Speedwell was found to need repairs, and they were 
compelled to return. At last, after putting back a second 

5. In what veppel did they sail from Holland ? Whom did they leave in Holland ? 
What port, in England, did they reach? With how many and what vessels did they 
sail from Southampton ? Why did they not continue their voyage to America? To 
what port after leaving Southampton did they go? (See map above). With how- 
many vessels did they leave Dartmouth? With how many and what, Plymouth? 



1620.] 



New England, 



45 



time, and leaving the Speedwell at Plymouth, they sailed from 
that port in their only ship, the Mayflower (Sept. 16, 1620). 

6, The number of the Pilgrims* was one hundred and 
one, men, women, and children, f 



The most distinguished 



MASSACHUSETTS BAY 




Map of Vicinity of Massachusetts Bay. 

among them were John Carver, whom they afterward chose 
as their first governor. Elder Brewster, their pastor, Miles 
Standish, their military leader, William Bradford, and Ed- 
ward Winslow. After a stormy voyage of about two months, 
they reached the coast near Cape Cod, having l^een carried 



* The Pilgrims, or Pilirrim Fathers, as they are often called, belonged to 
a sect of the Puritans called Indejiendents, who believed in an entire separa- 
tion from the Church of England. Others were opposed only to its cere- 
monies, mode of government, and form of prayers. 

f One died during the voyage, and one was born. " So there were just 
one hundred and one who sailed from Plymouth in England, and just as 
many arrived in Cape Cod harbor." — Prince's Hist, of New England. 



6. How many sailed ? Who were the leaders ? What is said of their voyage 



46 History of the United States. [i620. 

considerably north of the place at which they had intended 
to land (N^ov. 10).* 

7. Exploration of the Country.— A^ it was late in the 
season, and they were exhausted by their long voyage, thev 
determined to seek a landing j^lace without further delay. 
They therefore sailed into Cape Cod Bay, and sent out a 




riAtlvED BY THE NATIVES. 

in d small boat to select 
ace for their settlement. 
Some of those were sent inland, 
while the others cruised along the shore. It was a dismal 
country, being covered with pine forests ; and the explorers 
only caught a distant glimpse of the natives, who fled from 
them. Once, however, they were attacked, but they soon 
dispersed the savages, f It was only after five weeks' search 
that they found a fit place for their settlement. 

* " After they had discovered land, they were altogether ignorant where 
it was." — Huhhard's Hist, of New England. 

f " The following morning, at daylight, they had just ended their prayers, 

7. What exploration was made ? Describe the country. 



1620.] New England. 47 

8, Ijcinding of the JPilgrhns.—Thej selected a harbor 
which, oil Smith's map,^was called Plymouth; and they 
also called the place Plymouth.* They landed on the 21st 
of December, 1620, f having previously, in the cabin of the 
Mayflower, drawn up a body of laws which they made a 
solemn vow to obey. The character of the Pilgrims was well 
suited to such an undertaking. They were earnest and de- 
voted men, ready to brave all dangers and endure any hard- 
ships in the performance of their duty and in defense of their 
religion. 

9, Their first Winter, — During the first winter their suf- 
ferings were dreadful. With no houses but the few rude log- 
cabins which they had hastily constructed, and which scarcely 
protected them from the intense cold, Avith a scanty supply of 
food, and enduring so much fatigue- and hardship, it is no 
wonder that many should have perished. By spring only 
forty-six of their number were living. Among those who 
had died were Governor Carver, his wife and child. Their 
second governor was William Bradford. 

10, Treaties with the Indians, — At first they were in 
fear of the Indians, who were sometimes seen lurking in the 
woods, but fled as soon as the English approached them. 
One day, however, an Indian, to their surprise, boldly entered 

and were preparing breakfast at their camp on the beach, when they heard a 
yell, and a flight of arrows fell among them. The assailants turned out to 
be thirty or forty Indians, who, being fired upon, retired. Neither side had 
been harmed. A number of the arrows were picked itp, 'some whereof were 
headed with brass, others with hart's horn, and others with eagle's claws.' " 
— Pal fret/' s Histonj of New Eiir/land. 

* " All landed at a place which they called Plymouth, in grateful re- 
membrance of the last town they left in their native country." — Hannah 
Adams's N. E. Hist. ( Published in 1799). 

It is by no means certain that the Pilgrims had evor seen Smith's map. 

f By the old style of reckoning it was Dec. 11. AVhen the practice of cel- 
ebrating the anniversary of Plymouth began, in 1769, eleven, instead of ten 
days were erroneously added to the recorded date, to accommodate it to the 
corrected calendar, adopted in England in 1752. This led to the custom of 
celebrating the anniversary on the 22d day of December. 

8. Where rlid the Pilgrims hmd? When ? What is said of their character? 9. 
Describe their piifterings the first winter ? How many sui'vived ? Who were among 
the deceased ? Who was the second governor ? 



48 History of the United States, neas. 

the settlement, and exclaimed, "Welcome, Englishmen!" 
This was a chief named Samoset, who had j^icked up a little 
knowledge of English among the fishermen on the coast of 
Maine. In a few days Massasoit [mas-sa-soW), the great 
chief of the Wam-pan-o'-ags, came with a number of his 
warriors to ])iiy the strangers a friendly visit. The Pilgrims 
made a treaty with the chief, and afterward with Ca-non'-i- 
cus, the chief of the Nar-ra-gan'-setts. * 

11, Growth of the Plyniouth Colony, — For some time 
the settlers suffered greatly for the want of provisions ; and 
it was not until the lands were divided among the settlers that 
the Colony commenced to prosper, f Their numbers did not 
increase fast, for only good and pious men were desired to join 
them. Ten years after their settlement they obtained a grant 
of the land which they occupied, from the Council of Ply- 
mouth, who liad succeeded to the powers and rights of the 
Plymouth Company. The colony, at that time, numbered 
about three hundred persons. 

12, As the Puritans were still persecuted in England, very 
many desired to seek freedom in the wilds of New England. 
Some of these obtained from the Council of Plymouth a 
grant of land l^dng north of the Plymouth Colony, and bor- 
dering on Massachusetts Bay ; and in 1628 a number of 2)er- 
sons came out under John En'-di-cott, and settled at a ^jlace 
Avhicli they called Salem. Others soon followed, settling at 

* At first Canonicus was inclined to be hostile. He sent to Plymouth a 
bundle of arrows, bound with a rattlesnake's skin, this bein^^ the Indian 
mode of declaring war. Governor Bradford filled the skin with powder and 
ball, and sent it back. Canonicus took it for a fatal charm ; and the super- 
stitious Indians passed it from villaijo to village, till it came back to Ply- 
mouth. They did not dare to touch it. 

f ''■ In August, 1623, the colony of New Plymouth remained as yet very 
feeble. The best dish that could he set before the third supply of cx)lonists, 
about sixty in number, was a lobster, a piece of fish, and a cup of ' fair spring 
water.' As to bread, there was none in the colony." — Hildreth. 



10 What was the conduct of the Indians ? Describe Samoset's visit. What 
treaties were made? 11. What is said of the growth of the colony? What grant 
did they obtain in 1630 ? Their numbers then ? 12. What led to tl^e settlement of 
Salem ? What other settlements were made ? 



1630.] . New England, 49 

Salem and Oharlestown. This was the commencement of 
the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a charter being granted by 
Charles I. the following year (1629). 

13, SeUl^ment of Boston — Men of fortune and intel- 
ligence were induced to emigrate to the colony by obtaining 
the right to manage the government free from the control of 
the Company in England. John Winthrop was chosen the 
lirst governor of the Colony of Massachusetts ; and in 1630 he 
came out with about three hundred families, intending to 
settle at Charlestown ; but as the place was found to be want- 
ing in good water, they removed to a little peninsula, called 
by the Indians Shawmut,* but which the settlers called Bos- 
ton, in memory of Boston in England, from which many of 
them had emigrated, f 

14:, This colony, after a short time, was very prosperous. % 
Dorchester, Eoxbury,§ Lynn, and other places near Boston, 
were settled in 1630 ; and, in a short time, the whole coast 
region lying between Plymouth Colony and the Merrimac was 
dotted with thriving settlements. For a time the voters of the 
colony met at Boston and selected their magistrates ; but as 
the population increased, they chose their representatives to 

* This word signified " living fountains," from the excellent water found 
at the place. The English called it Triraount (now Tremont), from its three 
principal hills, afterwards named Copp's, Beacon, and Fort, or, as some 
suppose, from the three peaks of Beacon Hill. The first settler at this place 
was an eccentric person named William Blackstone. 

f "At this time (1630), there was a feeble colony in Virginia; a very 
small Dutch settlement in New York ; a population of about three hundred 
at Plymouth ; about as many more English inhabitants divided between 
Salem and Charlestown ; a few settlers scattered up and down the coast, 
and all the rest a vast wilderness, the covert of wild beasts and savages." — 
Edward Everett. 

X During 1 630, at least fifteen hundred persons came from England. In 
ten years not less than twenty thousand had been brought over. In 1674 
there were at least fifteen hundred families in the town of Boston, and the popu- 
lation of New England was probably about one hundred and twenty thousand. 

^ Dorchester, Roxbury, and Charlestown are now parts of the city of 
Boston. 

13. Who settled Boston? Why so called? Its Indian name? 14. What other 
places were settled ? Describe their mode of government. What restrictive law 
was made ? 



I . 



5o 



History of the United States, [less. 



meet as a "General Court" for the purpose of making laws, 
levying taxes, and performing other acts of government. 
Among the laws made, was one which confined the right to 
vote and hold office to those who belonged to some Congre- 
gational Church. 

15, Roger Williams — But there Avas a brave and eloquent 
young minister who resisted this law as unjust and unwise. 

He maintained that all should 
enjoy their civil rights as citizens 
and freemen, whatever their relig- 
ious opinions might be, and that 
the government had no right to 
restrict the liberty of conscience. 
Although the Puritans had suf- 
fered so much from religious per- 
secution in England, they could 
not assent to this doctrine ; and 
consequently Roger Williams was 
banished from the colony (1635). 
A Mrs. Hutchinson, who persisted in holding meetings of 
her own sex, and asserting similar opinions, was also banished. 
About twenty years later, the Quakers, who attempted to 
settle in this colony, were expelled for a similar reason 
(1656).* 

16, Harvard College — In 1636, the General Court at 
Boston appropriated about two thousand dollars to found a 
public school or college ; and, two years afterward, the Rev. 
John Harvard bequeathed upwards of three thousand dollars 
to the institution, which, in his honor, was named Harvard 
College. It is located at Cambridge, near Boston. 

* " Some who had been banished came a second time ; they were impris- 
oned, whipped, and once more sent away." Four were executed ; but the 
severity of the laws produced a reaction in public feeling, and the Quakers at 
last were allowed to enjoy their opinions in peace. 

15. Who was Roger Williams? His opinions ? What punishment was inflicted 
upon him ? Who else was banished ? What other persecution occurred ? 16. What 
led to the foundation of Harvard College ? Its location ? 




Roger Wix^liams. 



J 



1636.] 



New England, 




Seal op Khode Island. 



Ehode Island. 
17 n Settlement of Trovidence, — Roger Williams, after 
his banishment from Massachusetts, sought refuge with the 
Narragansett Indians, among whom _ 

he remained for several months. He 
then fixed his habitation at a spot 
w^hich he had purchased from the 
Indians, and which he named Provi- 
dence,* in memory of "God's merci- 
ful providence to him in his distress." 
Numbers flocked there to make their 
home w4th him, for he proclaimed 
entire freedom in civil and religious 
rights. This was the beginning of the little State of Rhode 
Island (1636). 

18, Bhode Island Plantation* — In 1637, William Cod- 
dington and others accepted an invitation from Williams to 
settle near him ; for they, too, were dissatistied with the 
religious intolerance at Boston. Coddington and his com- 
panions bought from the Indians the beautiful island called 
Rhode Island (1638), f for forty fathoms of white wampum, 
worth about one hundred dollars. Here they formed settle- 
ments afterwards known as the Rhode Island Plantation ; while 
those of Williams were called the Providence Plantation. 

19. Union of the Settlements, — This whole region w^as 

* William Blackstone, the first settlei* at Shawmut, who had pointed out 
to Wiiithrop and his companions the advantages of that place, had, before 
the settlement of Providence, migrated to the banks of the river now called 
after him, being dissatisfied with the " Lord's brethren" in Boston, as he 
said. There Williams found him engaged in preaching to the Indians, and 
the two men often held communion with each other. Blackstone planted 
the first apple or hard in Rhode Island. 

t " An island of a reddish appearance Avas obseiwed lying in the bay ; 
this was known to the Dutch as Rhode, or Red Island. Hence the name of 
the island and State of Rhode Island." — Brodhead's History of New York. 

17. Give an account of the settlement of Providence. Why so called? 18. What 
other colony was established ? What purchase was made from the Indians ? 



52 Histoi^y of the United States. [1622. 

afterwards claimed by the Plymouth Colony ; but AYilliams 
went to England and obtained a free charter, whereby the 
two settlements of Ehode Island were united, in 1644, under 
one government. 

New Hampshire. 

20. First Settlements, — The Council of Plymouth, in 
1622, granted to Ferdinand Gorges 
{gor'-jez) and John Mason, two of its 
members, all that portion of New Eng- 
land that extends from the Merrimac 
to the Kennebec, " and this was called 
La-co'-nia." The next year emigrants, 
sent out by them, settled at Little Har- 
bor, near the present town of Ports- 
mouth, and at Dover. These were 
the first settlements in this region. 

21, Grant of Netv Hampshire, — In 1629, Mason ob- 
tained a separate grant to himself of 
the region lying between the Merrimac 
and the Pis-cat'-a-qua, and extending 
sixty miles into the interior. To this 
new province was given the name of 
New Hampshire, after the county in 
England in which Mason had lived. 
Gorges retained his right to the other 
portion of the original tract, which 
received the' name of Maine.* 




Seal, of ISi-w HAJii-sHiRE. 




Portsmouth and Vici 



* Authors do not a2:ree as to how and when Maine received its name. 
One writer says : " It was called the Main land, to distinguish it from the 
islands along the coast, which were valuable for fishing purposes." Varney, 
in his History of Maine, says : " In 1639, Gorges procured a royal grant of 
land extending from the Piscataqiia to the Kennebec. The name of the ter- 
ritory under the new charter was changed to Maine, in honor of the Queen 
(Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I.), whose patrimonial estate, as Princess 
of France, was the French province of 3£apie." 

19 When and how were the two settlements united ? 20. What grant was made 
in 1H22 9 What was the region called ? What settlements were made ? 21. V J'"^ 
grant was made to Matron ? Wliat name did he give to it ? Why ? What is said of 
the other portion of Laconia ? 



I 



1641.] 



New Enp'land. 



53 



22. Subsequent History, — A number of lisliiug settle- 
ments were ' made in these territories, but they were too scat- 
tered to form any general government. In 1641, the people 
of the different settlements placed themselves under the gov- 
ernment and protection of Massachusetts ; but in 1680 the 
two colonies were separated by order of the king, and New 
Hampshire became a royal province. Twice, after this, it 
was united to Massachusetts ; but from 1741 to the Kevolu- 
tion it remained an independent colony. 

CO^^NECTICUT. 

23. First Settlements The valley of the Connecticut 

River was soon discovered to be a fertile and pleasant region; 

and the Dutch, who had established 

trading-posts on the Hudson River, 

eagerly desired to take possession of 

it. In 1633, they Iniilt a fort where 

Hartford now stands, in order to 

trade with the Indians for their furs. 

This post they called Good Hope. 

24:^ The same year, a company from 
Plymouth, under Captain Holmes, 
sailed up the river, and passing the 
Dutch fort, built a trading-house at Windsor, seven miles 
above. Two years after this (1635), a company of sixty men, 
women, and children journeyed from Massachusetts through 
the wilderness to the valley of the Connecticut, and settled 
at Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield. The next year the 
Rev. Thomas Hooker conducted a large company of emigrants 
from Newtown (now Caml^ridge), near Boston, and settled 
chiefly at Hartford. * Springfield, in Massachusetts, on the 
Connecticut, was settled by a few of these emigrants. 

* The journey was made in June, 1636. Guided only by the compass, a 
22. What is said of the settlements in these lands ? How were they governed 
between 1641 and 1780 ? Were they again under the government of Massachusetts ? 
When finally separated ? 23. What is said of the valley of the Connecticut ? What 
fort was built by the Dutch ? Its name? 24. Settlement of Windsor? Describe 
the next emigration. Describe Hooker's emigration. What settlements were made ? 




Seal of Connecticut 



54 



History of the United States, tiess. 



25. At about the same time, a colony was planted at the 
mouth of the Connecticut Kiver, under a grant obtained from 
the Council of Plymouth by Lord Say-and-Seal and Lord 
Brooke, and was named in their honor Saybrook. A tliird 




■vrciH-inr oe 

LONG ISLAND SOUND 



colony was established in Connecticut in 1638, called the 

New Haven Colony. This was founded by a large body of 

emigrants who came from England under the guidance of 

party of one hundred men, women, and children toiled throajrh the wilder- 
ness, where there were no roads, nor for hundreds of miles a single house at 
which they mio:ht obtain a nifj-ht's shelter. In the company were women 
with infants in their arms, and little children scarcely able to walk. Their 
chief food was the milk of the herds and flocks which they drove before them. 
Hooker was an English clergyman, A^ery earnest and eloquent, whom Gov- 
ernor Winthrop had persuaded to come to the colonies. An old writer said 
of him, " He is the one rich pearl with which England more than repaid 
America for the treasures from her coast." 



Map Questions.— (Map, p. 54.) Into what body of water does the Connecticut 
River flow? Where is Hartford ? Windsor? Wethersfield ? New Haven ? Say- 
brook ? Long Island ? Swanzey ? (Map, p. 45.) Mt. Hope ? 

Text Questions.— 25. Give an account of the settlement of Saybrook. W^hen 
and by whom wms the New Haven Colony established? What lands did they pur- 
chase from the Indians ? Where were settlements planted ? Who was the governor 
of New Haven ? For what period ? 



163T.] New England. 55 

Theophilu^ Eaton, a man of large fortune, and John Daven- 
port, a distinguished Puritan minister. They purchased 
from the Indians all the land lying betAveen the Connecticut 
Eiver and the line that now separates New York and New 
England, and planted various settlements not only in this 
territory, but on the other side of the Sound, on Long Island. 
For twenty successive years Eaton was elected governor of 
New Haven. 

2(y, Peqiiod War These settlers had come to a delight- 
ful region, but they were surrounded by perils. Their neigh- 
bors, the Dutch, were unfriendly, for they looked upon them 
as intruders ; but their worst foes Avere the hostile tribe of 
Indians called the Pe'-quods. AVith these, in 1637, they were 
compelled to Avage a fierce Avar, during which they endured 
terrible hardships ; Ijut Indian cunning and ferocity Avere no 
match for European courage and skill, and the tribe was 
destroyed.* The very name of Pequods in a short time 
ceased to be mentioned. \ 

27 n Union of the Connecficut Colonies. — Three colonies 
at first occupied the territory noAV known as Connecticut : 
the Connecticut Colony, embracing Windsor, Hartford, and 
Wethersfield, the people of Avhich acknoAvledged the authority 
of Massachusetts ; the Saybrook Colony ; and the Ncav Haven 
Colony. In 1644, Saybrook Avas united to Connecticut. Then 
there Avere tAvo colonies, Connecticut and Ncav Haven, Avhich, 
in 1665, were formed into one, under a royal charter granted 
by Charles II., King of England. 

* When this war first broke out, Rosier Williams, hearing that the Pequod 
ambassadors were urging tlic Narragansotts to join them, crossed the bay in 
a small canoe, and hastened to the Indian camp to persuade them to remain 
friends of the English. The Narragansett chiefs greatly esteemed him, and 
heeded his wise and eloquent words. 

t Sas'-sa-cus, their chief, fled to the Mohawks, and was put to death by 
them. Those who were taken piisoners were made slaves or dispersed 
among the Narragansetts and Mohegans. The fate of the Pequods was a 
terrible lesson to the other Indian tribes. 

26. What perils encompassed the^ettlers? With whom did they make war ? 
What was the result ? 27. What three colonies were there at first iu Connecticut ? 
Which were uiiited iu lG-14 ? Which in 1655 ? 



56 



History of the United States, • [I643. 



Other Events ik New England. 

28. Union of the New England Colonies, — The first 
union of any of tlie American colonies took place in 1643. In 
that year, Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New 
Haven agreed to unite in order to protect themselves against 
the hostilities of the Dutch and the French, and the attacks of 
the Indians. Ehode Island being claimed by Plymouth was 
not admitted into this union. It lasted for nearly fifty years. 

29, The New England colonies prized very highly the 
charters Avhicli they had received, and were in constant anx- 
iety lest the English king should take them away. When 
James II. came to the throne, he took measures to bring all 
these colonies under the royal authority. With this j^urpose, 

he appointed 
Sir Edmund 
Andros gover- 
nor of all New 
England, and 
afterward of 
New York and 
New Jersey. 

SO, Andros 
landed in Bos- 
ton in 1G86, 
bringing with 
him two com- 
panies of Eng- 
lish soldiers, — 
the first sent to 

New England. He at once assumed the government of the 
colonies, and annexed Plymouth and Ehode Island to Mas- 

28. What was the first union of American colonies ? What was its object ? What 
colony was not admitted ? Why ? How long did the union last ? 29. Wtiat caused 
anxiety to the New England colonies ? Wliat did James II. do ? What appointment 
did he make ? 30. State the proceedings of Andros. What took place at Hartford ? 




The Chabteb Oak. 



1687.] New England. Sy 

sacliusetts. He soon afterward appeared, with a company of 
troops, before the Connecticut Assembly at Hartford, and de- 
manded that the charter of the colony should be given up. 

31, A discussion arose, which was continued to nightfall, 
Avhen the charter was brought in and laid on the table, An- 
dros stepped forward to take it, when instantly the lights were 
put out; and when the candles were relighted, the charter 
had disappeared. It had been carried away and hidden in the 
hollow of a large oak tree, Avhich was afterward called the 
Charter Oak (November 10, 1687). 

32, The people suffered very much from the tyranny of 
Andros and his officers, until King William of Orange came 
to the throne of England, when they seized their hateful 
governor and some of his associates, and sent them to Eng- 
land to answer for their misdeeds. The colonies then re- 
sumed their former modes of government ; and the charter 
of Connecticut was taken from its hiding-place in the hollow 
oak. 

33, King PMlij^s War — Al^out forty years after the 
Pequod war, another fierce Indian war broke out in New 
England, known as King Philip's War. King Philip, as he 
was called by the English, was the son and successor of Mas- 
sasoit, who had been the fast friend of the colonists. But 
the whites had now greatly increased in number, the whole 
population in New England being about sixty thousand, 
while the Indians were only half that number.* 

34, Between Narragansett Bay and Plymouth were the 
Wam-pa-no'-ags, of which tribe Philip was the chief ; and the 

* The Indians were much more to be feared than in the time of the Pe- 
quod s ; for many of tliem had guns and ammunition instead of bows and 
arrows, and hatchets and knives of steel instead of the rude weapons made 
of stone or bone which they formerly used. Many of them had become skill- 
ful marksmen. 

31. How was the charter taken away ? Where was it concealed ? 32. How were 
the people released from the government of Andros? What took place afterward? 
33. When did another Indian war break out? Its cause? What was the population 
of New England at the time ? 34. Where did the Wampanoags dwell ? What caused 
ill-feeling among them ? What brought on the war ? 



58 History of the Ujiited States, [I675. 

farms and villages of the whites were rapidly encroaching 
upon the hunting-grounds of this tribe. Philip had expressed 
a desire to check this ; and a converted Indian, who had lived 
for a time among the tribe, told the colonists of his hostile 



^^^^:t-. 




Settlers attacked by Indians. 



designs. This man was afterward found murdered, and three 
of Philip's men were seized, and hanged for the crime. 

55. Philip and his men, thirsting for revenge, at once 
commenced the war (1675), and burned Swanzey, one of the 
Plymouth towns. The alarm was given, and he was pur- 



1675.] ^ New England, 59 

sued by a force from Plymouth and Boston, as far as his 
home at Mount Hope, which he was forced to abandon, seek- 
ing safety in a SAvamp. The savages becoming desperate, 
then burnt vilhige after village, and carried death and deso- 
lation throughout the country.* 

36. The Narragansetts, being suspected of giving aid to 
the hostile tribe, were attacked, and almost destroyed. At 
last King Philip was tracked to his hiding-place, and shot by 
an Indian of his o^vn tribe. \ This closed the war, after it 
had continued about fourteen months, during which more 
than six hundred men in the prime of life had fallen in bat- 
tle, and nearly twenty villages had been burned. % 

* The colonists led a fearful life during this war. No house was safe 
from an attack, and no person could walk out without dan<ier of being mur- 
dered. Often, as the farmer opened his d<jor in tlie morning, he was shot 
dead by a savage lurking behind the fence or the barn, and his family were 
either tomahawked and scalped, or carried away captives into the wilderness, 
where they suffered the most dreadful hardships. Many singular stories are 
told of an almost miraculous escape from mas5;acre by villages and house- 
holds. One Sabbath morning, while the people of Hadley were at worship 
in the village church, a tall and venerable man, a stranger to them, appeared, 
and told them that the savages were coming. He then put himself at the 
head of the men, and led them against the Indians. The savages were 
routed and fled ; but when the English looked round for their preserver he 
had fled, and they for some time believed they had been rescnad by an an- 
gel ; but it was afterward discovered that it was General Goffe, one of the 
judges who had condemned Charles I., and who had been hidden in Hadley, 
from the king's officers. 

t One of Philip's warriors proposed to him to submit to the whites. In 
anger and scorn, he instantly shot him dead. The brother of this man de- 
serted to the English, and guided them to the hiding-place of Philip ; and 
he it was who, to avenge his brother's death, shot tlie great chief. 

I " The primitive weapons of the Indian, the bow and arrow, had been 
exchanged for guns and hatchets, which he learned to use too well, The 
Dutch on one side, or the French on another, kept him supplied with powder 
and ball. He fought for his hunting-grounds, now parcelled out among 
strangers. He fell to be received into the Elysian fields of the great Manitou. 
We cannot forbear our tribute of pity and admiration for Phili]). What 
though he struck the war-post and chanted the death-song to gather his 
dusky warriors for one mighty effort to exterminate our ancestors, his cause 
was the same that has ever received the world's applause." — Drake's Historic 
Fields. 

35. What were the first events of the war? 36. How were the Narragansetts? in- 
volved ? What was the result ? How was King Philip's war ended ? What calami- 
ties had it caused ? 



6o 



History of the United States. 



[1692. 



37 n The Saleiti JVifchcraft — In 1692, in the little town 
of Salem, two young girls, in the family of a clergyman, were 
attacked with a strange illness, and the physician, not being 
able to explain the nature of their disease, said they were be- 
witched ; that is, that some one, by means of evil spirits, was 
tormenting them. An old Indian woman was accused of be- 
ing the witch ; and she was so cruelly treated, that she at 
last, probably to escape her master's whip, said she was a 
witch. 

S8^ This led to a strange excitement, not only in Salem 
but other towns ; and numbers of persons were accused of 
the crime of witchcraft, and, to escape 
torture, confessed their guilt. More 
than fifty were in this way compelled 
to make such a confession; and 
twenty persons were put to death, 
many others being sent to prison.* 

39, This dreadful delusion lasted 
more tlian six months ; and it was 
not until some of the magistrates 

SEAi. OF Massachusetts themSClyeS, and CVeU the gOVCmor's 

wife, were accused, that the people began to see how much 
they had been deceived. All the accused were then set at 
liberty, and some of the most active in bringing them to pun- 
ishment, confessed that they had been imposed upon or had 
sworn falsely, f 




* "Many devoted sons and daughters clun,g to their parents, visited them 
in prison in defiance of a bloodthirsty mob, kept by their side on the way to 
execution ; expressed their love, sympathy, and reverence to the last ; and 
by brave and perilous enterprises, p:ot possession of their remains and bore 
them back under the cover of midnight to their own thresholds, and to graves 
kept consecrated by their prayers and tears. "—Upham's History of the Salem 
Witchcraft. 

t Thebelief in witches was not confined to America; indeed, it was very 
general in Europe, and in England many persons were condemned to death 
for this supposed crime. 

37. What led to the witchcraft excitement in Salem ? 38. What were the results? 
39. How long did the delusion last ? What ended it? What was done at its close ? 



1609.] Nezv York and New Jersey. 



6i 



CHAPTER VL 

New Yokk and New Jersey. 




Dutch House. 



1, Hudson's Voyage, — For 

huRclreds of years, search was 
made for a northwest passage to 
India ; for the way hy Cape Horn 
was long and dangerous. Among 
the navigators who had attempted 
to find this passage was Henry 
Hudson, an Enghsh captain ; and in 1609, the Dutch mer- 
cliants, who at that time were very enterprising in na"\igation 
and commerce, engaged him to make another voyage for tliis 
purpose, and sent him out in a small vessel called the Half- 
Moon. 

Map Questions.— (Map, p. 64.^ Where i? the city of New York ? Hudson ? 
Albany? (Map, p. 54.) What river is between New Jersey and Pennsylvania? 
Where is Bersjen ? Elizabeth (formerly Elizabethtown) ? What waters on the north 
and south of Long Island (map. p. 54) ? Where is Cape Horn? (Map of South 
America.) 

Text Questions.— 1. What passage was Ions sought for? Who was Henry 
Hudson ? What voyage was he sent upon ? In what ship ? 



62 



History of the United States, 



[1614. 



2. Discovery of the Hudson River, — After sailing some 
distance along the eastern coast of North America, he entered 
the harbor of New York, and discovered the mouth of a great 
river, which he ascended about sixty miles. This river was 
called after him, the Hudson River ; and the town of Hudson 
stands at the place where the Half-Moon came to anchor. 
Hudson sent out a boat, which sailed up as far as Albany; 
but finding that the farther they went the narrower the river 
became, and that the water was fresh, the explorers returned ; 
and Hudson was convinced that here was no passage to the 
Pacific. * 

3. Their Account of the Comitry, — It was no wonder, 
that, on their return to Holland, Hudson and his comjjanions 
should have praised the country, and the river which they had 
seen. They spoke of the pleasant climate, the rich foliage, the 
fertile soil, and the magnificent 
scenery. The woods, they said, 
were full of game, the great 
river abounded in fish, and the 
natives had abundance of furs 
to sell. 

4. First Settlements, — The 
Dutch, therefore, sent out other 
parties to occupy the country, 
and trade with the Indians ; 
and for this purpose they estab- 
lished posts and built forts. 
One of these, in 1614, was 
placed at the southern part of Manhattan Island, f where soon 

* Hudson made his fourth voyage in 1610. While in Hudson's Bay, a 
mutinv^ occniTino; among his men, lie, with eight others, who remained faith- 
ful to him, were ]iut into an open boat and abandoned. Two ships were after- 
ward sent from England to make search for him, but no tidings of the bold 
navigator could ever be gained. 

t in 1624, the Dutch purchased from the Indians the island of Manhattan, 
2. What harbor and river did he enter? How far did he ascend the latter? 3. 
What account was I'iven of the country ? 4. What forts were built? What town 
was founded ? What region did the Dutch claim ? Its name '( 




Henry Hudson. 



1623.] Nczv York and New yersey. 



63 




The Half-Mcon ascending the Hudson. 

afterward (1623) there was commenced a thriving settlement, 
called New Amsterdam. They bnilt Fort Orange on the 
present site of Albany, and also forts on the Delaware and 
Connecticnt Rivers. Thns they partly took possession of the 
region lying between these two rivers ; bnt their claim ex- 
tended as far as Cape Cod.* This region they called New 
Netherlaj^ds. 

5. Groivth of the Colony .— Troubles, — The growth of 
the colony was not rapid, although every individual who suc- 
ceeded in forming a settlement of fifty persons had a large 

for twenty- four dollcari. It is said that Verrazzani, just one hundred years 
before, landed on this island, and gave the Indians wine, bv which they were 
intoxicated : so that the island was afterward called by them Mannahata, or 
the Mand of Drunkenness. 

* In 1614, a Dutch captain named Adrian Block, sailing from New York 
Bay into Long Island Sound, passed around that island. He was the first 
European navigator that sailed through the dangerous whirlpool of the East 
River, called Hurlgate. 

5, Growth of the colony ? Who were the patroons ? What did their claims to rent 
cause in after years ? What troubled the colony ? 



64 



History of the United States. [1623. 



tract of land granted to liim. These land-holders were called 
Patroons; and in quite recent times the claims of their de- 
scendants to rent led to the anti-rent troubles in the State of 
New York. During the first few years, there were contests 
with the English on the Connecticut Eiver, and the Swedes 
on the DelaAvare. There were also troubles with the Indians. 




6, Governors, — New Netherlands had, in the course of 
time, four governors, the first of whom was Peter Min'-u-ics, 
who was succeeded by Van Twil'-ler ; then came Sir William 
Kieft [keeft), Avho was guilty of a dreadful act of treachery 
toward the Indians. Two of the settlers having been killed 
by an Indian of the Hackensack tribe, the governor demanded 
that the murderer should be given up. This was refused.* 

* It was contrary to the customs of the Indians to deliver up the murder- 
er; but they offered, as reparation to the widow, two hundred fathoms of 
the best wampum. " You, yourselves," they said to the Dutch messengers, 
" are the cause of this evil ;.'^you ought not to craze the young Indians with 

6. Who was the first governor ? The second ? The third ? 



.643.] N'ezv York and Nczv Jersey 



65 



7. Indian War, — Soon after this, a war broke out be- 
tween the Hackensacks and the Mohawks, and the former 
collected in large numbers on the west side of the Hudson, 
opposite New Amsterdam, asking aid against their enemies. 
Here they were stealthily attacked by the soldiers of Kief t 
during the night ; and nearly a hundred men, women, and 
children were massacred. This brought on a war with the 
Indians, which lasted two years (1643-5).* Kieft, soon after 
its close, deprived of his office, started to return to Europe ; 
but his ship w^as dashed to pieces in a storm, and the guilty 
man perished in the waters. 

S, Governor Stuyvesant, — The prosperity of the colony 
dates from the arrival, in 1647, 
of Governor Peter Stuy^^esant 
(sti'-ve-scmt), who was a very 
energetic and resolute man. 
He made a treaty mth the Eng- 
lish, preserved peace with the 
Indians, subdued the Swedes 
on the Delaware (1655), and 
tried in every way to encourage 
trade and agriculture, as well as 
to induce people to join the 
settlement. Many who had suf- 
fered in their own countries on 
account of their religion, found a peaceful asylum in New 
Amsterdam.! 




Peteb Stuyvesant. 



brandy. Your own people, when drunk, fitrlit with knives, and do foolish 
things ; and you cannot prevent mischief till you cease to sell strong drink 
to the Indian." 

* " Every Algonquin tribe round Manhattan burned with the frenzy of 
revenge. The swamps were their hiding-places, from which sudden onsets 
were made in every direction. Vilhiges were laid waste, the farmer mur- 
dered in the field, his children swept into captivity. From the shores of New 
Jersey to the borders of Connecticut, not a bowery was safe." — Bancroft. 

t the island of New York was then chiefly divided among farmers ; the 

8. What is said, 



'^' 7. What led to a war with the Indians ? What became of Kiefl ' 

' of Governor Stuyvesant ? The settlers? 



66 History of the United States. [i664. 

9, Petition of the People,— English Claim, — These peo- 
ple brought with them tlieir love of liberty, and eagerly de- 
sired to have a share in the government ; but this, Stuyve- 
sant, who was something of a tyrant, would not grant. 
Meanwhile, the English set up a claim to the territory, and 
Charles II. granted it to his brother James, Duke of York. 
A fleet, sent out by the latter in 1664, appeared before New 
Amsterdam, and demanded that the fort and town should be 
given up to English authority. 

10, Conquest of New Netherlands. — Thereupon the peo- 
ple, hoping to enjoy under the English the privileges refused 
by Stuyvesant, determined to surrender. The governor was 
very angry and determined, and held out until the place was 
actually in the enemy's hands. Thus New Amsterdam be- 
came an English town, and received the name of New York. 
This name was afterwards applied to the whole territory re- 
tained by the Duke ; for the portion now called New Jersey 
he sold to two English noblemen, named Sir George Oar- 
ter-et' and Lord Berke'ley. Fort Orange was called Albany. 

11, Beconqtiest by the Dutch, etc, — In 1673, the Dutch, 
being at war with the English, and having gained several 
victories over them, sent a fleet to regain possession of their 
American territories. New York was surrendered to its 
former masters, and remained in their possession for about 
fifteen months, when it was again taken by the English. 
The people did not enjoy the privileges for which they had 
asked until 1683, when permission was granted them by the 

large forests which covered what is now the City Hall Park, and the adja- 
cent region, long remained a common pasture, where, for yet a quarter of a 
century, tanners could obtain bark, and boys chestnuts. The soil was so 
little valued that Stuyvesant thought it no wrong to his employers to pur- 
' chase of them at a small price an extensive bowery (farm) just beyond the 
coppices, among which browsed the goats and kine from the village. — 
Bancroft. 

9. What did they ask? Was it granted? Who claimed the territory ? Who was 
sent to take it? 10. How did the people act? The governor? What name was 
given to New Amsterdam ? To Fort Orange ? What was New Netherlands named ? 
11. How did the Dutch regain the colony ? When was it again surrendered to the 
English ? What privilege was granted to the people ? When ? 




1698.] New York and New Jersey. 67 

Duke of York to hold a free Assembly in which they might 
make laws for the colony. 

12. Captain Kidd — In 1698, the Earl of Bellamont be- 
came governor. As commerce was greatly disturbed by 
pirates, he sent out a bold captain 
named Kidd to capture their vessels ; 
but Kidd was a bad man, and know- 
ing that there were very many Span- 
ish ships carrying across the ocean 
gold, silver, and other treasures from 
America, he determined to turn pirate 
himself. Kidd continued on this 
career for several years, and is said 

. . . . Seal of New Yokk. 

to have obtamed immense quantities 

of gold and rich treasures, some of which lie is reported to 
have buried on Long Island and in other parts of the country. 
At last, he was seized and sent to England, where he suffered 
death for his crimes. His buried treasures have been sought 
for at various places. 

ISc Treaty ivith the Indians,— In 1684, an important 
treaty was made with the " Five Nations," as the five great 
Indian tribes were called. These included the On-on-da'-gas, 
Ca-yu'-gas, Mo'-hawks, O-nei'-das, and Sen'-e-cas. To these, 
some years afterw^ard, were added the Tus-ca-ro'-ras, after 
which the league was called the " Six ISTations." The treaty 
made in 1684 was long and faithfully kept, and was of great 
advantage to the English settlers. 

New Jersey. 
14, Origin of the Name, — First Settlements. — New 

Jersey was so called in honor of Sir George Carteret, who 
had been governor of the island of Jersey, near England. 
The Dutch had established a trading-post at Bergen as early 

12. Account of Captain Kidd ? 13, ^Vhat were the Five Nations ? What tribes 
constituted the Six Nations? 14. Why was New Jersey so called ? What settle- 
ment was made by the Dutch ? By the English ? 



68 



History of the United States. [i664. 



as 1622 ; but no considerable settlement was made. In 1664 
emigrants from Long Island passed over, and made a settle- 
ment called Elizabetlitown, the pres- 
ent flourishing city of Elizabeth. 
Philip Carteret was the first governor. 
15, Change in the JProprietors, 
— Berkeley sold his share of the terri- 
tory to an English quaker, who as- 
signed it to William Penn and two 
other Quakers, or Friends. The ter- 
ritory was then divided between the 
proprietors, Carteret taking the east- 
ern, and the Friends the w^estern half. .These portions Avere 
called respectively East Jersey and West Jersey. In 1682, 




Seal of New Jersey. 




William Penn and eleven of his brethren purchased the 
eastern part, and thus New Jersey became the exclusive 
property of the Friends. 



15, How did Penn and the Quakers obtain the territory ? 



1681.] Pennsylvania and Delaware. 69 

Id, Cliaracter and Condition of the Settlers. — The set- 
tlers consisted of emigrants from different countries and of 
various religious sentiments. In East Jersey there were many 
New England Puritans, also Presbyterians from Scotland 
who had been driven out by the persecutions carried on 
against them in that country. All lived in peace in the new 
territory. The Friends had purchased their lands from the 
Indians, and thus secured the friendship of those people. 

17, FurtJier Changes. — In 1702, the proprietors gave up 
their rights to the English Crown, and Queen Anne {cm) 
united New York and New Jersey under one governor. In 
1736, they were again separated, and New Jersey continued a 
royal province until the Revolution. 



CHAPTER VII. 
Penitsylvania an^d Delaware. 

J, Grant to William Penn, — In 1681, William Penn, 
already spoken of in connection with the history of New 
Jersey, obtained a grant from Charles II., king of England, 
of the country lying west of the Delaware River. This grant 
was made in payment of a debt due his father. Admiral Penn, 
a distinguished naval commander, and a particular friend of 
the Duke of York. The territory was called by the king 
Pennsylvania, which means Feim's Woods.'^ In the south- 
eastern part of it, there were already settled about three 
thousand people, principally Swedes, Finns, and Dutch. 

2, Character of Penn, — Penn was a good man. Although 

* Penn suo^jyested the word Sylvania, to which the king prefixed the word 
Penn, " in honor," the king said, " of Admiral ^enn." 

Map auestions.— (Map, p! 68.Y Wlierirrs"Phila(lelphia? Trenton? Tinicum 
Island? (Map of Dolaware.) Cape Henlopen ? Wilmington (Delaware)? Cape 
May? Into what water does the Delaware River flow? The Susquehanna River ? 
(Map p. 76.) The Chowan River ? Cape Fear River ? Savannah River ? Where is 
Wiliuin!,^ton? Savannah ? The St. Mary's River ? (Map of Florida.) 

Text auestions.- 16. Of whom did the pettlers consist? How was peace se- 
cured with the Indians ? 17. What further changes occurred ? 1. What grant did 
William Penn obtain ? The name of the territory ? Why was the grant made ? H ho 
had settled there previously? 2. What was the character of Penn? His conduct 
toward the settlers? 



70 



History of the United States, [1682. 



l)ronght up in wealth and luxury, lie had joined the new sect 
of the Quakers, or Friends, and had suffered much ill-treat- 
ment on that account. He was 
opposed to war and oppression 
of every kind, desiring that all 
should live together in ^' broth- 
erly love." Hence, when he re- 
ceived his patent, Avhich made 
him absolute sovereign of the 
country, he sent a letter to his 
new subjects, assuring them of 
his kindly intentions, and prom- 
ising that they should "live a 
free, and if they would, a sober 
and industrious people.'' 
Tennis Arrival, — Several ships with emigrants, chiefly 




William Penn. 



s. 



Quakers, came over in 1681 and 1682. Penn himself landed 

in 1 682 ; and soon after- 
ward selected the site for 
his 23roposed city, between 
the Delaware and Schuyl- 
kill {scool' -hill) Rivers. 
This city he said should 
be called Philadelphia, a 
name which means hrotli- 
erly love. It prospered 
from the first. At the 
end of the second year, 
as many as six hundred 
houses had been built. 

4, HiH Treatment of 
the Settlers and In- 
dians, — He treated all the settlers with kindness and liber- 




Treaty Monument. 



3. When did Penn arrive ? W^hat site did he select ? The name of the new cityV 
Its meaning? Prosperity of the new city? 4. Penn's treatment of the Indians? 
His treaty ? Its results ? 



1682.] Pennsylvania and Delaware. 71 

ality ; and took great pains to show the Indians that he was 
their friend. He sent them a message, informing them that 
he looked upon them as his brethren, — and that he should 
treat them as such. Under a large elm tree, near Philadel- 
phia, he met the chiefs and warriors in council, and made a 
treaty of friendship with them, that was never broken.* The 
Friends never abused or cheated the natives, and conse- 
quently there were no Indian wars in the territories which 
they settled. "Not a drop of Quaker blood was ever shed 
by an Indian ; " and even to this day, an Indian always greets 
a Quaker as a friend. 

5. Subsequent History, — For two years Penn attended 
carefully to the affairs of the colony, after which he returned 
to England, leaving the government to a council. The colony 
then contained about seven thousand persons. After a lapse 
of fifteen years, he made a second visit to Pennsylvania ; but 
during his absence, the " Three Lower Counties on the Dela- 
ware" had become dissatisfied and 
had withdrawn from the union. They 
were, however, again united with 
Pennsylvania until 1703. 

0. In 1701, Penn returned to Eng- 
land, never again to visit the colony 
he had so happily planted. On his 
death, in 1718, he left his Ameri- 
can possessions to his three sons, by 

Seal, of Pennsylvania. i ,, , ,^^^^^,^A 

whom the government was managed, 
through deputies, till the Revolution, when their claims were 
purchased by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 

* " We meet," said William Penn, "on the broad pathway of good faith, 
and good will ; I will not call you children, for parents sometimes chide then- 
children too severely ; nor brothers only, for brothers differ. The friendship 
between me and you I will not compare to a chain, for that the rains might 
rust, or the falling tree might break. We are the same as if one man's body 

5. When did Penn leave the colonv ? Its i)opnlati()n ? His return? What had 
occurred dnrin? hi? absence? 6. When did Penn finally leave the colony? To 
whom did he leave his American possessions at his death ? IIow were their claims 
satisfied afterward ? 





72 History of the United States, Lieso. 

Del A WAKE. 
7, Settlement by the DtitcJi^—By the Swedes* — Delaware 
Bay was visited by the Dutch about 1630, and in the follow- 
ing year, a small settlement was made by them near the pres- 
ent site of Lewistown. Previous to this, however, Gus-ta'-vus 
A-dol'-phus, the brave king of Sweden, proposed to establish 
a colony in America, where all per- 
secuted Christians might find a quiet 
refuge. His death occurred before 
this project was realized ; but his 
good minister accomplished the de- 
sign in 1638, in sending a colony of 
fifty men to the Delaware. 

S, Settlement of New Siveden, — 
After landing at Cape Henlopen, they 

Seal of Delaware. , !,» n tt nn i n 

bought from the Indians all the lands 
from the Cape to the Falls of the Delaware, at Trenton, and 
commenced a settlement near the present site of AVilmington. 
The territory was called New Sweden ; and the colony was 
directed by Peter Minuits, former governor of New Nether- 
lands. 

9, Dutch Claim,— Conquest by Stuyresant, — The Dutch 
considered this an encroachment upon their lands, and sent 
threatening messages to the Swedes, which were unheeded. 

were to be divided into two parts ; we are all one flesh and blood." To this 
the Indians replied : " We will live in love with William Penn and his chil- 
dren as long as the moon and the sun shall endure." 

The tree under which the treaty was made, stood in what was afterward 
known as Kensinoton, but which is now a part of the city of Philadelphia. 
" When the British were quartered near it during the war of American In- 
dependence, their general so respected it, that, when his soldiers were cutting 
down every tree for firewood, he placed a sentinel under it that not a branch 
of it might be touched. A few years ago (in 1810), it was blown down, when 
it was split into wood, and many cups, bowls, and other articles were made 
of it, to be kept as memorials." A monument, of which a picture is given 
on page 70, marks the spot where the tree stood. 

7, The first settlement in Delaware ? Project of Gustavus Adolphus? By whom 
was it carried out ? 8. Settlement of Wilmington ? Name ol' the territory ? 9. By 
whom was it claimed ? By whom conquered ? 



1655.] Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia. 73 

On the contrary, the Swedes built a fort on Tinicum Island, 
a little below Philadelphia, and there established their capi- 
tal. In 1655, Governor Stuyvesant proceeded against them 
with a force of six hundred men, and compelled the settlers 
to submit to the Dutch government. 

10, Fui'ther Changes, — The Dutch retained possession 
of Delaware till they were conquered by the English, in 1664; 
from which time the territory was connected with the prov- 
ince of New York. By the grant made to William Penn in 
1682, Delaware was united with Pennsylvania ; but in 1703, 
a partial separation took place, each colony having its own 
assembly, but both being under one governor. 



CHAPTER YIII. 
Maryland, the Carolikas, akd Georgia. 

1, Grant of Maryland — In 1632, King Charles I. gave 
to a Roman Catholic nobleman, named Lord Baltimore, a 

grant of lands on both sides of Chesa- 
peake Bay, extending eastward from 
the Potomac River to the sea. From 
this grant Delaware was afterward 
excluded. Lord Baltimore wished to 
provide an asylum for the Catholics, 
who in England were persecuted on 
account of their religion. Lord Bal- 
timore called the territory Maryland, 
in honor* of the queen, whose name 
was Henrietta Maria. 

2, First Settlement, — Meligious Freedom Secured, — 
The first settlement was made in 1634, under the direction 
of Leonard Calvert, brother of Lord Baltimore, at a place 

Text Q.uestions.— 10. What further changes occurred ? 1. Grant to Lord Bal- 
timore in l(i:'.-2y Design of Lord Baltimore? Name of the colony? 2. What was 
the first settlement ? What laws were made? The result? 




LOKD Baltimoee. 



74 History of the United States, [1634. 

which was called St. Mary's.* The settlers, who had suffered 
so much from religious persecutions, resolved that no one in 
the colony should be disturbed on account of religion, and 
passed laws to secure for all the right to worship God with 
entire freedom. This just and wise conduct greatly increased 
the prosperity of the colony. Numbers of every denomina- 
tion flocked in to enjoy the blessings offered, and the weaUh 
and population of Maryland grew very rapidly. 

3, Clayborne^s Claim. — The peace of the colony was for 
a few years disturbed by the claims of one William Clayborne, 

who, in 1631, had obtained from 
Charles I. a license to trade with the 
Indians, and had established trading- 
posts on Kent Island, in the Chesa- 
peake, and near the mouth of the 
Susquehanna. From the first he re- 
fused to acknowledge the authority 
of Governor Calvert, and defended 
his claim by force of arms ; but he 
was defeated, and obliged to flee. 
Afterward, however, he returned and made himself master 
of the province, compelling the governor, in his turn, to flee 
into Virginia for safety. Calvert, the next. year, appeared at 
the head of a military force and regained possession. 

4, Civil War, — While Cromwell and his Puritan associates 
were a power in England, the Protestant party obtained con- 
trol of affairs in Maryland, and by an Act of the Assembly, 
Catholics were declared not to be entitled to the protection 
of the laws of Maryland. • This caused a civil war between 
the Catholics and the Protestants. After Cromwe ll 's death , 

* The settlement was made at an Indian town which the natives were 
preparing to abandon. " The Indian women taught the wives of the new 
comers to make bread of maize ; the warriors of the tribe instructed the 
huntsmen how rich were the forests of America in game, and joined them in 
the chase." — Bancroft. 

3. What di!?turbed the peace of the colony? Course pursued by Clayborne? By 
Calvert? 4. What caused civil war? When were the rights of Lord Baltimore re- 
i^tored ? 




Seal of Maryland. 



1691.] Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia. 75 

the rights of Lord Baltimore were restored, and the colony 
enjoyed a long repose. 

5. Farther History — In 1691, King William made Mary- 
land a royal province, thus depriving the heirs of Lord Balti- 
more of their rights ; in 1715, however, the fourth Lord Bal- 
timore, then a very young child, had his claim as proprietor 
of the colony acknowledged ; and Maryland, from that time 
till the Revolution, remained under a proprietary government. 




Seal, of North Cakolina. 



KoRTH AND South Carolina. 

6. First Settlements — The first attempts to settle in the 
region now known as North Carolina, were made by Sir Wal- 
ter Raleigh, as already related. It 
was more than sixty years after these 
unsuccessful settlements on Roanoke 
Island, before any other was made 
within the limits of this State. 
About 1650, people who had settled 
in Virginia, left that colony, and 
pushing southward into the wilder- 
ness, selected a spot at the mouth of 
the Chowan River for their home. 

These were Puritans, Quakers, Baptists, etc., who refused to 
conform to the Church of England, which had been established 
by law in Virginia. Some time afterward (1665), a settlement 
was made near the Cape Fear River, by persons from New 
England, and planters from the West Indies. 

7. Albemarle and Clarendon Colonies. — In 1663, 
Charles II. granted to Lord Clarendon and other English 
noblemen, all the territory between Virginia and Florida, to 
which was given the name Carolina. These proprietors 
called the little settlement on the Chowan the Albemarle 

5. When did Maryland become a royal province? What occurred in 1715? The 
subsequent government of the colony? 6. First attempts at settlement in North 
Carolina? Where was the first permanent settlement? By whom made? W^hat 
other settlement? 7. Grant by Cliarles II. in 16fi3? What names were given to the 
settlements previously made? 



76 



History of the United States, tiees. 



Colony ; tlie one near Cape Fear was called the Clarendon 
Colony. It was situated near the present site of the City of 
Wilmington. 

8, The Grand Model, — John Locke, the most eminent 
philosopher of his time, was engaged by the proprietors to 
draw up a charter and scheme of government for the new 
province. It was to be, they thought, a great and populous 
empire. A constitution was, accordingly, proposed, and was 
named the "Grand Model ;" but it was so poorly adapted to 
the views and the wants of the settlers, that it never went into 
operation. * 




.9. Carteret Colony,— Charleston, etc — In 1670, a colony 
was founded on the western bank of the Ashley River, and 
called in honor of one of the proprietors, the Carteret Colony. 
This was the first settlement in South Carolina. Ten years 

8. By whom was a form of government prepared ? What was its success ? 9. 
What colony was planted in 1670? The City of Charleston ? After whom were the 
Ashley and Cooper Rivers named ? What emigrants came from France ? 



1680.] Maryland^ the Carolinas, and Georgia, "jy 

after, the city of Charleston was founded, on the Ashley and 
Cooper Ki vers, so named in honor of Lord Ashley Cooper, after- 
ward Earl of Shaftesbury. Protestants driven out of France by 
the persecutions of Louis XIV., king of that country, settled 
in considerable numbers in Carolina, about the same time. 

10, Indian Hostilities, — In the first part of the eight- 
eenth century, the settlers in Carolina suffered much from 
the hostilities of the Indian tribes. In the north, the Tusca- 
roras waged a bitter war for years ; but were finally subdued 
and driven out of the region. They then journeyed north- 
ward, and joined the Iroquois {e'ro-quaU) in New York, 
making the sixth tribe in the league known as the "Six 
Nations." In South Carolina, another tribe, called the Ye- 
mas-sees', became hostile, and carried on a fierce war against 
the settlers, till they were driven into Florida. 

11, Rice Culture, etc, — About the year 1695, seed-rice 
was brought into South Carolina from Madagascar, and soon 
became an article of general cultivation, and a staple export. 
Indigo was also raised in large quantities. The cotton cul- 
ture did not extend much until many years after this. 

12, Division of the Province. — There were many dis- 
agreements between the people and the proprietors. The 
latter desired to rule the colonists 
with a high hand. They refused 
many of the privileges enjoyed by 
other colonies, and restrained the 
Legislature in the exercise of its just 
rights. Petitions were accordingly 
sent to the king, asking that he would 
assume the government of the colony. 
The proprietors finally, in 1729, 

T , nil- '• ^ L L j^i Seal of South Carolina 

agreed to sell their rights to the 




10. What tribes of Indians were hostile ? Result of the war ? The Six Nations ? 
The Yemassees? 11. When aaid how did the rice culture commence? What else 
was cultivated ? 12. DifRcnlties between settlers and proprietors? To what did 
they lead "? How was the province divided ? What names were given to the 
divisions ? 




yS History of the Ujiited States. [1732. 

crown ; and the colony was divided into two provinces, called 
respectively North and South Carolina. Since that time 
they have remained separate. 

Geokgia. 

13. Oglethorpe's Grant — In 1732, King George IL, of 
England, granted the territory lying between the Savannah and 

Altamaha {al-ta-ma-liaiv') Eivers to 
General Oglethorpe {d'-gl-t1ioiy), a 
brave and benevolent Englishman, 
noted for his exploits in some of 
the European wars. At that time, 
in England, debtors were imj^ris- 
oned and treated very harshly ; 
and Oglethorpe humanely desired 
to provide an asylum for such per- 
sons, as well as others, who were 

James O&lethokpe. ^ 

poor, distressed, or persecuted. 
The trustees of the colony were chosen from the most virtu- 
ous and benevolent gentlemen of England. It was called 
Georgia, in honor of the king. 

14, Settlement of Savannah, etc, — The first comjDany 

sent out to form a settlement consisted of poor debtors and 

bankrupt tradesmen with their families.* After stopping a 

* The place to which these poor people went, as exiles, was described in 
England as a dreadful region. Goldsmith wrote of it as follows : — 

Through torrid tracts with fainting steps they go, 

Where wild Altania murmurs to their woe. 

Far different then from all that charmed before. 

The various terrors of that horrid shore ; 

Those blazing sims that dart a downward ray 

And fiercely shed intolerable day; 

Those matted woods where birds forget to sing. 

But silent bats in drowsy clusters cling ; 

Those poisonous fields with rank luxuriance crowned, 

"Where the dark scorpion gathers death around ; 

Where at each step the stranger fears to wake 

The rattling terrors of the vengeful snake. 
13. What grant did King George II. make in 1732 ? Who was General Ogle- 
thorpe ? What was his object in establishing a colony in America ? The trustees ? 
Origin of the name Georgia ? 



I 



1734.] Maryland, the Carolinas^ a7id Georgia. 79 

short time at Charleston, they ascended the Savannah River, 
and settled at a place which they named Savannah (1733). 
More ships, with emigrants and supplies, arrived soon after- 
ward from England ; and, in 1734, a number of German 
Protestants* came over, and settled a short distance above 
Savannah. A party of Scotch Highlanders, a few years after- 
ward, made a settlement on the Altamaha. \ 

15, Hostilities of the Spaniards. — Oglethorpe easily suc- 
ceeded in making friends of the Indians| — consisting of the 
Creeks, the Chickasaws, and the 
Cherokees ; but the Spaniards in 
Florida looked upon the English 
settlement as an encroachment upon 
their territor}^, and threatened to de- 
stroy it. War breaking out between 
England and Spain, hostilities ensued 
between the rival colonies ; but Ogle- 
thorpe, who was a good general and a 
brave soldier, successfully defended 
the settlers, and Georgia remained unharmed. 

16, Georgia a Royal Province, — In 1752, the trustees, 
who had had many disputes with the colonists, gave up their 
charter ; and Georgia became a royal province. The limits 

* These Avere Moravians — a people who fled from Austria to escape the 
persecutions to which, as Protestants, they were subjected. They were kindly 
welcomed by Oglethorpe, and settled at a place on the Savannah River, 
which they called Ebenezer. 

t These people settled at Darien. General Oglethorpe paid them a visit, 
dressed as a Highlander, and bade them welcome to a land in which they 
could live in peace and freedom. His kindness won their hearts, and they 
gladly aided him in all his plans to promote the prosperity of the colony. 

X One of the chiefs, addressing Oglethorpe and iiis companions, and pre- 
senting a buffalo-skin painted on the inside with the head and feathers of an 
eagle, said, " AVe have brought you a little ])resent. The feathers of the 
eagle are soft, signifying love ; the skin is warm, and is the emblem of pro- 
tection ; therefore, love and protect our little families." 

14. Firs^t company sent out? Where did they settle? Name given to the settle- 
ment? What other settlements were made ? 15. Oglethorpe's conduct toward the 
Indians? What were the tribes ? Condnct of the Spaniards in Florida ? How was 
the colony defended? 16. What occurred in 1752? What did Georgia become? 
How was Its territory extended ? Name the thirteen English colonies. 




Seal, of Georgia. 



8o History of the United States. [I634. 

of the colony were extended to the St. Mary's Eiver, by treaty 
between England and Spain ; and that riyer still continues 
to be the boundary between Georgia and Florida. Georgia 
was the last of the tliirteen colonies planted by the English 
in North America. 



CHAPTEE IX. 
Feekch Colonies akd Waks. 

!• The settlement of Quebec on the St. Lawrence, and of 
Port Eoyal in Acadia, as well as the exploration by Cham- 
plain of the great lake named after him, have already been 
mentioned. While the English Avere increasing their colonies 
on the Atlantic, the French were very active in exploring and 
settling the regions bordering on the St. Lawrence and the 
Mississippi. 

2. Work of the CatJiolic Missionaries, — Catholic mis- 
sionaries pushed their way into the wilderness, to convert the 
savages as well as to explore the country. In this work 
they endured the most dreadful hardships, and some of them 
were put to death in the most cruel manner by the barbarous 
tribes whom they had come to save. In 1634, these devoted 
men established a missionary station near Lake Iroquois, or 
Georgian Bay, as it is now called. Many of the red men 
listened to their pious words, and were baptized. 

S, In 1660, they had traversed this region as far as Lake 
Superior, and had established stations at various points. The 
Algonquin Indians were friendly to them, but the "Five Na- 
tions," being at war with the Algonquins, were bitterly hos- 

Map auestions.— (Map, p. 83.) Where is Q.nebec? Port Royal ? (Annapolis?) 
The Bav of Fiindy ? Louisburg ? (Map, p. 208.) Natchez? New Orleans? De- 
troit (p. "lea) ? 

Text Questions.— 2. Efforts of the Catholic missionaries ? Their hardships ? 
What was done in 1()31 ? 3. What had been accomplished in 1660? The Algon- 
quins and Fivi! Nations? When and by whom was St. Mary's settled? What 
rumor reached Marquette ? 



1668.] French Colonies and Wars. 8i 

tile, and inflicted on them the most shocking cruelties. In 
1668, St. Mary's was settled by Marquette {mar-het') and 
others ; and soon after this, the same missionary, having 
heard from the natives of a great river to the west of this 
region, determined to explore it. 

4, Discovery and Exjdoration of the Mississipjn,— 
This project was carried out in 16T3. Marquette, with Joliet, 
a fur-trader, reached the Great Eiver, and floated down upon 
its Avaters in their birch-bark canoes, below the mouth of the 
Arkansas.* Thus was. the Mississippi discovered a second 
time. In 1682, a French adventurer, named La Salle (sal), 
descended this river from the mouth of the Illinois to the 
Gulf of Mexico,! and taking possession of the country in the 
name of Louis XIV., king of France, named it Louisiana. 

5, La Salle's Eocjiedition, — The next year. La Salle re- 
turned to France, where he was received with great honors ; 
and his description of the country and the river which he had 
explored excited much interest. He proposed to erect forts 
and establish a settlement near the mouth of the river, so as 
to secure it to the French. Four vessels were given to him, 
with soldiers and settlers to undertake the expedition. It 
sailed in 1684. 

6, Death of La Salle — By an unfortunate mistake, the 

* " Turning southward, they paddled down the stream, throu^^h a solitude 
unrelieved by the faintest trace of man. A lari2:e fish, apparently one of the 
huge catfish of the Mississippi, blundered against Marquette's canoe with a 
force which seems to have startled him ; and once, as they drew in their net, 
they caught a 'spade-fish,' whose eccentric appearance greatly astonished 
them. At length, the biiftalo began to appear, grazing in herds" on the great 
prairies which then bordered the river ; and Marquette describes the fierce 
and stupid looks of the old bulls, as they stared at the intruders through the 
tangled mane which nearly blinded thein." — Parhnan. 

t " As he drifted down the tnrbid current, between the low and marshy 
shores, the brackish waters changed to brine, and the breeze grew fresh with 
the salt breath of the sea. Then the broad bosom of the great Gulf opened 
on his sight, tossing its restless billows, limitless, voiceless, lonely, as when 
born of chaos, without a sail, without a sign of life." — Parhnan. 

4. When was the project carried out? How? Exploration by La Salle? How 
was the territory named ? 5. What expedition was planned by La Salle? When 
did it sail? ^ ^ 

4* 



Si History of the United States, [igst. 

voyagers j^assed the mouth of the Mississipj)i, and having 
sailed a considerable distance to the westward of it, landed 
in Texas, and built a fort. Here he was left with his com- 
panions, and all endured dreadful hardships in this wild 
country. A vain search was made for the Mississippi ; and 
at last discontent broke out, and the great discoverer La 
Salle was basely assassinated (1687). 

7. Settlement of Natchez and New Orleans, — In 1716, 
a French commercial post was established at Natchez, the 
first permanent settlement in the Mississippi Valley, south of 
Illinois. A short time afterwards a grant of the country was 
made to the Mississippi Company, and New Orleans was 
founded (1718), as the capital of a new empire, which was 
expected to become one of the richest and most powerful in 
the world. 

Feench Waks. 

8. King William^ s TVar, — Previous to the settlement of 
Louisiana, the French and English colonies had been in- 
volved in hostilities in consequence of war between the 
mother countries. The English king, James 11. , fled to 
France, and the people of England invited William of Orange 
and Mary, his wife, who was a daughter of the dethroned 
king, to ascend the throne. The French monarch, however, 
took the part of James, and commenced war against England 
with the view to regain for him his lost crown. This v;ar 
lasted from 1689 to the peace of Eyswick [riz'-wich), in 
1697. It is called in American history Kiny Willicmi^s War. 

9. Indian Atrocities, — During this and succeeding wars, 
the French colonists were aided by their Indian allies in 
Canada ; and the English had the assistance of the warlike 
Iroquois, or ^'^Five Nations." In the summer of 1789, the 

6. What mistake was made? What occurred after the landing? How was La 
Salle slain? 7. Settlement of Natchez? Of New Orleans? 8. What was the cause 
of King William's War? How long did it last? How was it terminated? 9. By 
whom were the French and English aided? Wli^^n and by whom was Montreal 
burned ? Schenectady ? 



1690.] 



French Colonies and Wars. 



83 



latter took and burned Montreal, putting to death with 
savage cruelty at least two hundred persons, and carrying 
many away captives. In revenge for this, the French and 
Indians, the following winter, invaded New York and took 
Schenectady, where they committed the most shocking bar- 
barities. Sixty persons, of whom many were women and 




Scale ot Miles. 



NOVA SCOTIA, 
NEWBRUNSWICK 

•AJTD 

TicnriTr 



children, were massacred, and a large number were dragged 
away prisoners. A few who escaped made their way through 
the snow to Albany (1690). 

10, Expedition against Acadia and Canada. — The 

colonies of New England also suffered greatly during this 
war ; but the people showed a wonderful degree of fortitude 
and courage in the defense of their homes and lives. * An 

* The stoiy of Mrs. Dustin illustrates this. This brave woman, with her 
nurse and infant child, was taken prisoner at Haverhill, Mass., by the Indians, 



84 History of the United States, [i704. 

expedition was sent by Massachusetts against Acadia, and 
Port Eoyal was captured. An expedition was also planned 
against Canada, in wliicli a naval force was sent from Massa- 
chusetts, and an army from New York ; but it was not suc- 
cessful. These expeditions were under the command of Sir 
William Pliipps, who was afterwards made governor of Mas- 
sacliu setts. 

11, Queen Anne's War — Five years had scarcely elapsed 
since peace was declared, when the French war was renewed. 
Queen Anne had ascended the throne on the death of Wil- 
liam of Orange, but the French king declared in favor of the 
son of the exiled James, who had died a short time before 
(1701). Tills, witli other causes, led to a renewal of hos- 
tilities. The horrors of Indian warfare were again experi- 
enced during this war. 

12, Attach on Deeifield — Fortunately for New York, 
the Five Nations had made a treaty of peace with the Indians 
in Canada. The New England settlements, therefore, were 
the chief sufferers. In the winter of 1704, a band of French 
and Indians came down the valley of the Connecticut on 
snow-shoes, and attacked the town of Deerfield, Massachu- 
setts. The snowdrifts made the palisades useless; and the 
place was soon cajitured. Nearly all the inhabitants were 
massacred, or were carried captives into the wilderness.* 

her husband arriving from the field loo late to defend her. The savages burned 
the house, and dashed the infant against a tree. The mother was dragged 
away with other captives, through the wilderness, until, after some days of 
wearisome journeying, they reached an island in the Merrimac. Here, find- 
ing that there were only two Indian men left in charge of them, with three 
women and seven children, Mrs. Dustin determined to escape. She confided 
her intention to two fellow captives, and during the night they arose, 
and each taking a tomahawk, slew all the Indians except tAvo of the children. 
They then retraced their way back, found a bark canoe, and descended the 
Merrimac to Haverhill, to the great joy and surprise of their friends. 

* Among these captives were Rev. Mr. Williams and his family. His 
wife, being too weak to travel,- was tomahawked in the presence of her hus- 

10. What other colonies suffered? What experlition was pent against Acadia? 
Against Canada ? Under whose command ? 11. What caused Queen Anne's War? 
12. Why was New York saved from Indian hostilities? Give an account of tUe 
p,ttack on Deerfield ? Where is Deerfield ? Ans,— In Massachusetts. 



1-710.] French Colonies and Wai^s. 85 

13, Sahsequent Events — During this war, Port Koyal, 
Nova Scotia, was again captured by the English (1710), and 
its name changed to Annapolis, which means the City of 
Anna, this name being given to it in honor of the English 
queen. Three years afterward (1713), peace was made ; and 
the French agreed to give up the peninsula of Acadia to the 
English, but they retained Cape Breton Island, and built 
there a very strong fortress, called Louisburg. 

Id, King Geovffe's War, — For about thirty years the 
colonies had peace, and they increased rapidly in population 
and wealth. New England was especially thriving. There 
was great activity in manufactures, commerce, and par- 
ticularly in the cod and mackerel fisheries. But this state of 
quiet and prosperity was again disturbed by war, in 174-1. 
France and England again went to war about the affairs of 
Europe, and the colonies were drawn into it. As this war 
broke out during the reign of George II., it is called King- 
George's War. 

15, Capture of Louisburg, — The chief event of tlie war 
in this country was the capture of Louisburg,* by a force con- 
sisting chiefly of New^ England militia, headed by a merchant 
of Maine, named William Pepperill, and an Englisli fleet 
under Commodore Warren. The fortress held out for fifty 
days. This victory was achieved in 1745. Three years 
afterward the war ended (1748). 

band and children. Two years afterward, many of the captives, including 
Mr. Williams and most of his children, were ransomed and returned home. 
The Indians had adopted his younaest daughter, and refused to uive her up. 
She was married to a chief, and became accustomed to the Indian mode of 
life. Years afterward, she visited the home of her childhood, and her friends 
endeavored to induce her to remain there ; but her love for her children, and 
her attachment to the Indian customs wei'c too great to permit her to aban- 
don them ; and she returned to the fires of her wigwam. 

* This fortress was called the " Gibraltar of America," on account of its 
great strength. It was given back to the French at the close of the war. 

13, When was Port Royal taken ? What was it named ? W^hen did the war end ? 
What did the French give up ? What did they retain ? What fortress was built? 
14. How long did peace continue? What is said of the prosperity of the colonies? 
When was the war recommenced? Its cause? 15. By whom was Louisburg cap- 
tured ? When ? WTien did the war end ? 



History of the United States, [i748. 




Map Questions.— What two rivers, unitin<f, form the Ohio? Where did Fort 
Duqiiesne stand ? What two forts were on Lake Champlain ? Where was Fort 
William Henry? Fort OsweofO? Fort Niagara? Fort Schuyler? Fort Edward ? 
Fort Frontenac? Where is Montreal ? Schenectady? Albany? Lake Ontario? 
Lake Geonic ? Cape May ? Cape Henlopcn ? Cape Charles ? Cape Homy ? 



1153.] French Colonies and Wars, %*] 

16, French and Indian War^ — The previous wars be- 
tween the French and Enghsh colonies had arisen from dis- 
putes between France and England in regard to European 
affairs. In 1753, however, a difficulty sprung up between 
the colonies themselves, in relation to the boundary of their 
respective territories, which led to a war called the French 
and Indian War. The French, during the preceding half 
century, had done much to enlarge their colonial possessions, 
and in order to secure them had constructed forts at all suit- 
able points. Along the Hue of the St. Law;"ence, the Great 
Lakes, and the Mississippi, they had established more than 
sixty military posts, some of great strength. * 

17* English and French Claims, — But the English 
claimed to have a prior right to this territory, since the whole 
had been discovered by their navigators, the Cabots. The 
French deemed this an absurd claim ; since those navigators 
knew nothing of those vast inland regions which French mis- 
sionaries and explorers had, with incredible difficulty, per- 
severance, and hardships, discovered and settled. For years 
these rival claims were urged ; but the crisis did not arrive 
till 1753. 

18. Hie Ohio Company, — Four years previous to this 
date, a company of Virginians obtained a grant of land on 
and near the Ohio Kiver, for the purpose of trading with the 
Indians. Tliis company was called the Ohio Gomidany. The 
French, about the same time, built forts on the Ohio and its 

* " The settlements of the French, stretching from north to south, neces- 
sarily interfered with those of the English, stretcliing from east to west. 
Their plan, if executed, would have completely environed the English. 
Canada and Louisiana, united, would, as has heen aptly said, have formed 
a bow, of which the English colonies would luive constituted the string. * * * 
The delightful region between the summit: of the Alleghiuiy Mountains and 
the Mississippi, was the object for which these two powerful nations con- 
tended ; and it now became apparent that the SAvord alone could decide the 
contest." — MarshaWs Life of W ashington. 

16. What had caused previous wars between the colonies ? What difficulty 
epruiio- up in 1753? What had the French done during the preceding half century ? 
17, \Vhat was the ground of the English claim ? The French claim ? 18. What 
was tlie Ohio Company ? Where did the French build forts ? What act of hostility 
did ihey commit ? 



88 History of the United States. [1753. 

branches, in order to occupy the territory ; and considering 
the Enghsh traders as trespassers, they arrested three of 
them, and carried them to Presque Isle i^])Te8h eel), now 
Erie, in Pennsylvania. 

19, WasJiingfon^s Mission — Complaint was accordingly 
made to Eobert Dinwiddle, lieutenant-governor of Virginia ; 
and it was resolved to send a letter of remonstrance to the 
French commander. The 2)erson chosen to carry this letter 
was GrEORGE Washii^gtok, then about twenty-one years of 
age,* but already distinguished as a young man of prudence 
and energy. He was a surveyor by profession ; and, in the 
militia service, had reached tlie rank of major. 

20, The Jouiney—its Result — The task imposed upon 
him was a very difficult one. It was in the midst of winter 
when he set out ; and he had to travel several hundred miles 
through an almost pathless wilderness, infested by bands of 
lurking savages, cruel and treacherous, f Still, the task was 
accomplished. The letter was duly delivered, and an answer 
returned. The French officer, however, gave no satisfaction, 
Ijut referred the governor of Virginia to the Marquis du 
Quesne {Iriue), governor-general of Canada. 

21, Washington's Expedition, — Before this, the Ohio 
Company had commenced to construct a fort at the junction 
of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers ; and Dinwiddle, 
on receiving the French commander's reply, sent a military 

* Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on the 22d 
of February, 1732. 

f In passing through the forest, he narrowly escaped being shot by a 
lurking Indian. " On reaching the Alleghany, with one poor hatchet and 
a whole day's work, a raft was constructed and launched ; but before they 
were half over the river, they Avere caught in the running ice, expecting 
every moment to be crushed, unable to reach either shore. Putting out a 
pole to stop the raft, Washington was jerked into the deep water, and saved 
liimself only by grasping at the raft-logs." He and his companion, how- 
ever, succeeded in reaching an island, where they passed the night. In the 
morning they were enabled to cross safely on the ice. 

19. Who was sent to the French fort ? What is said of Washington ? 20. De- 
scribe the journey? What was its result? 21. What expedition was sent out? 
What occurred ? 



i'y54.] 



French Colonies mid Wars. 



89 



force to protect the works. The French, however, before 
this could be done, dispatched a body of -troops, took pos- 
session of the place, and completed the fort, naming it Fort 
du Quesne. Washington, on whom the command of the 
Virginia troops devolved, heard of this event, and halted at 
a place called the Great Meadows, near which he attacked a 
small body of French, and defeated them (May 28, 1754). 
He was, however, soon obliged to withdraw from his post* at 
the Great Meadows, and return to Virginia without accom- 
plishing the object of the expedition. 

22, Braddock^s Expedition. — In 1755, General Brad- 
dock, an officer of skill and experience, was sent from Eng- 
land with several regiments of 
British regular soldiers, to take 
command of all the forces in the 
colonies. Several expeditions 
were arranged against the French 
forts in different parts of the 
country ; one of them, against 
Fort du Quesne, led by Braddock 
himself. Confident of success, he 
marched through the wilderness, 
heedless of danger from the sava- 
ges, and treated "with contempt 
the suggestion of Washington, 
who served as his aid, that he should scour the woods so as to 
protect his army from a sur^^rise by the Indians. 

23, Thus he rashly pushed on till about ten miles from 
the fort, Avhen the soldiers' ears were suddenly assailed by 
the savage war-whoop, and a deadly fire was poured into their 




Genekal Braduock. 



* Fifteen hundred French and Indians attacked him at this post, called 
Fort Necessity ; but, after a brave defense of ten hours, he was compelled to 
capitulate (July 4th). 



22. Who took the chief command ? What expedition did he lead in person ? His 
march ? 23. How was he defeated ? Who covered the retreat ? State all you can 
of Braddock. 



90 



History of the United States. [i7S5. 



ranks from an unseen foe. Panic and disorder ensued ; the 
soldiers were sliot down like deer, and the general was mor- 
tally wounded.* Washington, f at the head of the Virginia 
riflemen, checked the enemy, and covered the retreat of the 
army. His escape was wonderful, for he had two horses shot 
under him, and four balls passed through 
his coat. Braddock died on reaching 
the Great Meadows, forty miles from the 
scene of the disaster. 

24^, Other Exiwditions. — Governor 
Shirley, about the same time, was to 
have taken Fort Niagara ; but his move- 
ments were delayed for months; and, 
after the defeat of Braddock, the In- 
dians who were with his army desert- 
ing, he was obliged to return to Al- 
bany. General Johnson, who pos- 
sessed great influence with the Six Na- 
tions, was to take the French forts 
on Lake Champlain ; but he was at- 
tacked in his camp at the head of Lake 
French and Lidians under Baron Dieskau 
although they were re|nilsed4 he returned 




Indian Chief. 



George, by 
(de-es-Jio') ; 



the 
and. 



* Braddock had five horses disabled under him ; at last a bullet entered 
his rii^lit side, and he fell mortally wounded. He was with difficulty brought 
oflf the field, and borne in the train of the fugitives. All the first day he Avas 
s-ilent, but at night he roused himself to say : " Who Avould have thought 
if? " A short time before his death he remarked, "We shall know better 
how to deal with them another time." — Bancroft. 

t " I expected every moment," said one whose eye was on Washington. 
" to see him fall. Nothing but the superintending care of Providence could 
have saved him." An Indian chief singled him out with his rifle, and bade 
others of his warriors do the same. " Some potent Manitou guards his life," 
exclaimed the savage. — Bancroft. 

f After the battle, Dieskau was found by the pursuers, wounded and 
alone, leaning against the stump of a tree. As the British soldiers ap- 
proached, he felt for his watch, intending to give it to them in order to insure 
kind treatment ; but one of them, thinking he was searching for a pistol, 
shot him, inflicting an incurable wound. He was taken prisoner, and sent to 
Europe, where he died after ten years' suffering from the injuries received. ' 

24. Shirley's expedition ? Joliusoa's expedition ? Wliat ia said of Dieslcau ? 



1755.] French Colonies and Wars, 91 



without accomplishing anything, except the construction 
of a fort at the head of the lake, which was named Fort 
William Henry. 

'45, In the same year the English, under Colonel Monck'- 
ton, landed at the head of the Bay of Fundy, captured the 
French forts, and destroyed the settlements. It was a cruel 
deed ; the country was laid waste, and the people were driven 
in thousands from their homes, placed on board the British 
vessels, and scattered among the colonists of New England 
and other places. Thus were the people of Nova Scotia pre- 
vented from giving any aid to the French during this war.* 

26, The English accomplished but little during the next 
two years ; but the French and their savage allies were very 
active, and gained some advantages. Fort Oswego, built by 
Shirley in 1755, was captured in 1756 by the Marquis Mont- 
calm {mont-kam'), the commander-in-chief of the French 
forces, and with it a large amount of money and military 
stores fell into the hands of the victors. After demolishing 
the forts, to allay the jealousy of the Indians, Montcalm left 
Oswego a solitude, and returned to Canada. 

27. Taking of Fort WilUcun Henry — In 1757, Mont- 
calm, with a large force of French and Indians, laid siege to 
Fort William Henry. After a defense of six days, its brave 
commander, Colonel Monro, was obliged to surrender. 
Although the French general had agreed that the English 

■^ This cruel measure was adopted because the people refused to take the 
oath of allegiance to King George of England. It was carried into effect in 
the most merciless manner, and with scarcely any warning to the unfortunate 
Acadians. In one of the districts, the male" inhabitants Avere required to as- 
semble in church on a set day, to listen to the king's proclamation. When 
they were collected, the doors were closed ; they were prisoners, and were 
told that it was the king's order that they should leave the country. They 
were forthwith marched to the sea-shore, where they found their weeping wives 
and children, all of whom were placed aboard the ships which were to take 
them from their homes forever. In some cases the members of families were 
separated, some being sent to one colony, and others to a far distant one. 

25. What was done by Colonel Monckton ? How were the Acadians treated ? 
26. What was done bv tho EiiKli-h dnrins: I75f; and 1757? By the French ? 27. 
Give an account of the taking of Fort William Heury ? What was the conduct ot 
the Indians ? 



92 



History of the United States. [1'3'5'r. 



garrison should retire in safety^ they had proceeded but a 
short distance from the fort when they were attacked by tlie 
Indians, and a large number of them were savagely mas- 
sacred. * The fort was demolished by order of Montcalm. 

28, Change in the Adminisf ration. — So little had been 
accom23lished up to this time against the French, that the 
English people resolved to have a change in the administra- 
tion of the government, and the celebrated William Pitt f was 
placed at the head of affairs. Prej^arations were immediately 
made for carrying on the war with vigor, and fifty thousand 
men were placed in the field. 

29, Points of Attack — The French, at this time, held 

forts by which their trade and 




if«f#'i(*,-?i.|ig|> 



William Pitt. 



possessions were strongly pro- 
tected in every direction. Fort 
du Quesne guarded the ter- 
ritory west of the Alleghanies ; 
Crown Point and Ticonderoga, 
on Lake Champlain, closed 
the route to Canada ; Niagara 
protected the fur trade of 
the Great Lakes and the re- 
gion beyond ; Louishurg men- 



* Montcaim had carefully kept all intoxicating drinks from the Indians, 
but the English supplied them ; and the savages grew wild with dances 
and songs of revelry. At daybreak, as the English soldiers tiled out of the 
fort, the Indians gathered round the entrenchments, and began to plunder 
and tomahawk them. It was in vain that the French officers rushed into 
the tumult, and received wounds themselves in endeavoring to rescue the 
captives. Montcalm himself exclaimed : " Kill me, but spare the English, 
who are under my protection." He afterwards collected more than four 
hundred fugitives and prisoners, and sent an escort with them to insure their 
safety. He also sent an officer to ransom those Avhom the Indians had 
carried away. 

f William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham, was ])orn at Westminster, Eng- 
land, in 1708. At the beginning of the American Eevolution he was op- 
posed to the measures of the British ministry in the American colonies ; but, 
at the close of a speech, made in 1778 in' Parliamcnr, in which he spoke 
against a motion to acknowledge the independence of America, he fell in an 
apoplectic fit, and was borne home, Avhere he died in a few weeks afterward. 



S8. What chan<?c took place in the English administration 



1758.] 



French Colonies and Wars. 



93 



jicecl New England and guarded the fisheries 



and Quebec. 

with its strong fortifications, was the key to the possession of 
Canada. A vigorous effort was now to be made to capture 
all these strong posts, and thus to destroy the French power 
in America. 

30, Success of the English — General Forbes, in 1758, 




The St. Lawrence, in 175t 



led the expedition against Fort du Quesne, Washington having 
the command of the Virginia militia. The French set fire 
to the iort as he approached, and fled. The English restored 
the works, and called the place Fort Pitt, in honor of the 
great minister and statesman. The same year Louisburg 
was captured by General Amherst ; and Fort Frontenac, the 



29. What forts were held hy the French at this time ? What was protected by 
■j each ? 30. Give an account, 6l ihe taking of Fort du (^uesue. Who took Louis- 
burg? Fort Frontenac? 



94 History of the United States. [1759. 

French fort iit the outlet of Lake Ontario, was taken by Gen- 
eral Bradstreet. 

31. Abercrombie^s Eocpeditiofi, — The finest expedition 
of the war was that under General Abercrombie, the com- 
mander-in-chief, the object of which was to take Ticonderoga 
and CroAvn Point. With sixteen thousand men he descended 
Lake George in boats, and landing at its northern extremity, 
commenced a march through the dense forests towards Ti- 
conderoga, then commanded by Montcalm. 

52, The advance, under Lord Howe, was suddenly met by 
the French, and repulsed, the leader being killed. This dis- 
couraged the army, and they fell back to the landing-place ; 
but resuming their march, they advanced against the fort and 
made an assault. The attempt failed ; and after losing 
nearly two thousand men, they Avere obliged to retreat. 

53, Victories of Amherst and Wolfe. — The next year 
(1759), General Amherst succeeded in driving the French 
from the posts on Lake Champlain ; and Fort Niagara was 
also taken. The great event of this year, however, was the 
defeat of Montcalm and the taking of Quebec by General 
Wolfe, who had distinguished himself in the capture of 
Louisburg the preceding year. 

34. With an army of eight thousand men, Wolfe ascended 
the St. Lawrence in June, and commenced a series of attacks, 
which were unsuccessful. He then resolved upon another 
plan. During the night of the 12th of September, his troops 
landed at a place about two miles above the city, and climb- 
ing by a narrow path the steep bank of the St. Lawrence, at 
daylight stood on the Plains of Abraham in battle array. 

35. At first, Montcalm could scarcely believe it possible 
that the British army could have reached the plains ; but he 
soon found that he had to march out of his intrenchments, 

31. What is said of Abercrombie's expedition? Its route? 33. What places 
were taken by Amherst in 1759 ? What by Wolfe ? 34. Describe Wolfe's expedi- 
tion. Battle on the Plains of Abraham. Who fell in the battle? When did the 
city surrender? 35. Result of this victory ? Surrender of Montreal ? When was 
peace made ? The terms of the treaty ? What were ceded by Spain ? 



1759.] 



French Colonies and Wars. 



95 




General Wolfe. 



and risk a battle. Both sides fouglit bravely ; but the Ca- 
nadian militia could not withstand the terrible charge of the 
British regular soldiers, and 
Montcalm w^as defeated. Wolfe 
fell at the moment of victory ;* 
and Montcalm, being mortally 
wounded, died soon after, f The 
city was surrendered five days 
after the battle (Sept. 18, 1759). 
SG. This victory really decided 
the war. Montreal was surren- 
dered to an overwhelming force 
under Amherst, the next year ; 
and thus the Avhole of Canada 
l^ecame the property of the Eng- 
lish. In 1763, a treaty of peace was signed at Paris, by the 
terms of wdiich, France gave up to Great Britain all her 
American possessions east of the Mississippi and north of the 
I'-ber-ville Eiver, in Louisiana. At the same time, Spain 
ceded to Great Britain her possessions of East and West 
Florida, t 

* " ' See how they run/ one of the officers exclaimed, as the French fled 
in confusion before the leveled bayonets. ' Who run ? ' demanded Wolfe, 
opening his eyes like a man aroused from sleep. ' The enemy, sir,' was the 
reply ; ' they give way everywhere.' ' Now God be ]iraised, I die in peace,' 
he murmured ; and turning on his side, he calmly breathed his last." — Park- 
man^ si Conspiracij of Pontiac. 

t Montcalm was born in France, in 1712. At the close of the battle in 
which he was mortally wounded, on being told that he could not live long, 
" So much the better," he said ; " 1 shall not live to see the surrender of 
Quebec." He died on the morning of the 14th of September. 

X The war thus terminated was called in Europe the " Seven Years' 
War ; " but it began in America two years before hostilities were commenced 
in Europe. It was in this war that Frederick II., of Prussia, performed 
that startling series of exploits which caused him to be called " the Great ; " 
it was in this war that young Colonel Washington first heard the whistling 
of hostile bullets, which he said was music in his ears ; in this war that Pitt 
doubled the consequence, and trebled the arrogance, of England, by winning 
Canada and India, after a series of intoxicating victories by sea and land. — 
Parton's Life of Franklin. 



37. "What Indian war broke out ? Its cause ? What places were takeu ? 



96 History of the United States. [lies, 

37, rontiac^s War — ^^The Indians of the northwest were 
not snlxliied. They had been friendly to the French, but 
they hated the British. Pontiac, their chief, like King- 
Philip in former times, secretly induced the various tribes to 
combine against the English ; and, suddenly, an attack was 
made upon the posts in the northwest, all of which were 
taken except Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit. Hundreds 
of families were butchered or driven from their homes. 

38. Detroit was besieged for six months, but was at last 
relieved. The Indians, finally, were compelled to sue for 
l)eace ; but Pontiac would not submit. He wandered toward 
the Mississippi, endeavoring to stir up the Western tribes 
against the English, but was at last assassinated by an Indian. 



CHAPTER X. 

Civil Progeess and Social Oon^dition' of the Colon^ies. 

1, Population, — At the close of the French and Indian 
War, sometimes called the " Old French AYar," there were 
seventeen colonies belonging to Great Britain, of which thir- 
teen, known as English colonies, had been established by 
emigrants from Great Britain. These latter occupied a strip 
of territory on the Atlantic coast. The most northern of 
them was I^ew Hampshire ; the most southern, Georgia. 
These thirteen colonies contained more than two millions of 
persons, of whom a considerable number were negro slaves. 
In Virginia, the latter were the majority of the inhabitants. 
Canada, just conquered from the French, contained about 
one hundred thousand people. In Nova Scotia, and in East 
and West Florida, the population was small. 

Text Questions.— 38. Siege of Detroit ? What followed ? Fate of Pontiac ? 
1. How many colonies, belonging to Great Britain, were there at the close of the 
French and Indian War ? How many were English ? What territory did they 
occupy ? Their population ? 



1763.] Progress of the Colonies. 97 

^. The most populous of the colonies, at that time, was 
Pennsylvania, and next in order were Massachusetts, New 
York, and Virginia. The Avliole population of New England 
was about half a million. The chief cities were Philadelphia, 
Boston, and New York, each of which contained, in 1763, 
between fifteen and twenty thousand persons. The popula- 
tion of Charleston must have been about ten thousand, and 
of Quebec about the same. 

5. Government. — There w^ere three forms of governments ; 
namely, provincial, or royal, charter, and proprietary. Nova 
Scotia, Canada, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, 
Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, and the Floridas, were 
under provincial governments, the principal officers being- 
appointed by the king ; Ehode Island, Connecticut, and 
Massachusetts, were under charter governments ; and Penn- 
sylvania and Maryland were proprietary. 

4. Indians, — At this period, there existed in the whole 
territory extending from the lakes of Canada to the Gulf of 
Mexico, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, 
and along its western banks, more than fifty Indian nations. 
These contained about sixty thousand Indians able to bear 
arms, and about thirty-five thousand warriors. In the most 
populous of the English colonies, war, disease, and the exces- 
sive use of ardent spirits had greatly diminished the numbers 
of the red men. 

5. Industrial Pursuits, — The cultivation of the soil was 
the chief pursuit throughout the colonies ; but in the north, 
there were manufactures of various articles, as shoes, hats, 
farming implements, and furniture. Spinning, and the weav- 
ing of cloth were also carried on to some extent. Commerce 
was chiefly confined to the coasting and West India trade ; 

2. Which were the most populous colonies ? Whole population of New Engfland ? 
The chief cities ? Their population ? 3. Wliat forms of government existed ? 
Which of the colonies were provincial ? W^hich had charters ? Which were pro- 
prietary ? 4. How many Indian nations were there ? How many Indians ? What 
had reduced their numbers ? 5. The chief industrial pursuit ? What manufactures ? 
What commerce ? 



98 History of the United States. [i763. 

but occasionally vessels were sent to the Canary Islands^ and 
sometimes to Spain and Portugal, carrying to tliese countries 
furs, tobacco, lumber, and fish.* 

6, Agricultural Protlucts. — The colonists at first raised 
the vegetables and grains used in their own country. The 
cultivation of maize, now so great a staple, was borrowed from 
the Indians. The potato was not introduced till 1719, and 
was rare in the colonies as late as 1740. In Pennsylvania 
the vine was cultivated considerably, and in Georgia the pro- 
duction of silk was quite active. Indeed, the silk of Georgia 
was considered to be among the best in the world. The 
raw silk received in Savannah for shipment, in 1759^ 
amounted to ten thousand pounds. 

7. Fisheries, — Several of the coast towns of N'ew England, 
for many years, had been actively engaged in the whale fish- 
ery. Among these, Nantucket took the lead. The cod and 
other fisheries employed very many persons in New England. 
There were also fisheries further south, off the coast of New 
Jersey, and in Delaware Bay. 

S, Mining f etc. — As early as 1728, iron furnaces were built 
in Pennsylvania, and soon afterward in Connecticut. The 
coal mines were not yet discovered. Mining had not become, 
as yet, a considerable branch of industry. 

9. Printing, etc^ — The first paper-mill in Massachusetts 
was erected in 1728 ; but previous to this there were printing- 
presses in the colony ; and in 1704 the publication of a news- 

* " When one hand was shut by way of supply from England, another 
was opened by way of traffic, first to the West Indies and Wine Islands, 
whereby, amontr other goods, much cotton wool was brought into the 
country from the Indies, which the inhabitants learned to spin ; and as they 
devoted themselves to the breeding of sheep and the sowing of hemp and 
flax, they soon found out a way to supply themselves with cotton, linen, 
and woolen cloth." — HuhbarcVs New England. 

6. What did the colonists raise ? What is said of maize ? Of the potato? The 
vine ? Silk? For what was New Jersey noted? 7, What colonies were engaged 
in thf whale fishery? What inland in particular? What other fisheries? 8. What 
is said of mining? 9. The first paper-mill in Massachusetts? The "Boston News 
Letter? " The Connecticut Gazette ? Printing in Providence ? Journals in Boston ? 
In Georgia ? In other cities ? 



1763.] P7^ogress of the Colonies. 99 

paper, called the "Boston News-Letter/' was commenced. 
No newsjiaper was printed in Connecticut till 1755, when 
the "Connecticut Gazette" was published in New Haven. 
Printing was introduced into Providence in 1762. At this 
date, four journals were regularly published in Boston. The 
next year, the first newspaper published in Georgia was 
issued at Savannah. Newspapers were published at this 
time in New York and Philadelphia. 

10, Education and Schools, — The school-house, like the 
church, was found in every New England town. The people 
knew that no community could prosper without making pro- 
vision for educating the children. Common schools were, 
therefore, everywhere established; for by law " every town- 
ship was required to maintain a school for reading and Avrit- 
ing, and every town of a hundred householders a grammar 
school, to fit youths for the university." Harvard College, 
established in 1638, was for many years the only college in 
New England, and it had many friends who contributed to 
its support. (See note, page 103.) 

11, Yale College — In 1700, ten Connecticut farmers came 
together at Branford, and each one laying some books on the 
table, said, "I give these books for the founding of a college 
in this colony. " It was established in New Haven, and called 
Yale College, in honor of Elihu Yale, who gave it a large sum 
of money. Some of the most distinguished men in England 
made it presents of money or liooks. * 

12, Other Schools and Colleges. — Colleges had also been 
established at this time in some of the other colonies. Wil- 
liam and Mary College was founded in Virginia in 1692 ; 
but there were no common schools in that colony. The 

* " Yale Colleji^e was originally founded at Killinoworth in the year 1700. 
It was chartered in 1701, was removed to Saybrook in 1707, and to New 
Haven in 1716." 



10. What iis said of Common Schools? Harvard Colleire ? 11. When and how 
was Yale College founded? Why so called? 12. What college was founded in 
A'"irginia ? In New Jersey ? In New York? In Pennsylvania? What schools in 
the'coionies ? 



lOO History of the United States. [ites. 

College of New Jersey was founded, by royal charter, at 
Elizabethtown in 1746, but was subsequently removed to 
Xewark, and, in 1757, to Princeton.* In New York, there 
were schools under Dutch schoolmasters at a very early period. 
King's College (now Columbia College), was founded in 1754. 
In Pennsylvania, the first school was established in 1683. 
•The University of Pennsylvania was commenced in 1750. 
Dr. Franklin took an active interest in its establishment. 

13, Manners and Customs — The morals of the people 
were carefully regulated by the laws both in New England 
and the middle colonies. No license was granted to keep a 
tavern to any persons who were not highly reputable citizens ; 
and no liquor could lawfully be sold to those who were known 
to be drunkards. The names of all such were posted up in 
the ale-houses. Severe laws were passed against drunkenness, 
profanity, and sabbath-breaking. In New York, tavern- 
keepers were not allowed to give suppers after nine o'clock 
at night. 

14. The most elegant mansions of the time were furnished 
in a very simple style, f Carpets were scarcely known till 
1750, the floors being strewn with clean white sand. Cush- 

* Jonathan Edwards was president of this College at the time of his death 
in 1758. He was born in 1703, and educated at Yale College. He was 
celebrated both in Europe and America for his attainments and writings as 
a divine. His industry was incredible. He commonly spent thirteen hours 
each day in his study ;* and at his death, at the age of fifty -five, the number 
of his miscellaneous writings amounted to upwards of one thousand font 
hundred. His greatest work is that on the " Freedom of the Will." 

t Penn's manor house, on the Delaware, is thus described : A broad 
avenue of poplars led up to the house, which Avas built of stone, and sur- 
rounded by gardens and lawns. Its large hall ran the whole length of the 
house, and afforded space for the entertainment of strangers. Indians were 
frequently guests at this hospitable mansion. Its furniture consisted of only 
six chairs, two long benches, and a long table, Avith pewter plates and dishes, 
and vessels called cisterns, containing water or beer. The best parlor was 
furnished with tables, a couch, cane chairs, and cushions of satin and green 
plush. The upper chambers had good beds, chairs, and tables. The table 
furniture included blue and white china, silver plate, and damask linen. 



13. What were regulated by law? Who could be licensed tavern-keepers? 
Laws as to drinikarrlg, etc.? 14. What is said of the mansions of the time? Of 
the furniture ? Of dress ? Customs in New York ; 



1763.] Progress of the Colonies. lOi 

ioned hair, huge wigs, stiff brocades, and cumbrous hoops 
were conspicuous in full-dress companies. In New York, 
many of the customs were such as had been introduced by 
its Dutch founders. Some of these remain to this day ; such 
as the ''May-day moving," tire visit of Santa Glaus at 
Christmas eve, the colored eggs of Easter, and the general 
visiting on New Year's day. 

15, In that early period, long before railroads were even 
thought of, the facihties for traveling were small indeed. 
The roads were few and very bad, and much time was con- 
sumed in even short journeys. In 1772, it was thought won- 
derful that a stage should go through from Philadelphia to 
New York in two days. Such a stage was advertised as 
'' The Fl}dng Machine." 

16, How the People dresserl " I wish you could have 

seen what splendid dresses the ladies wore in those times ! 
They had silks, and satins, and damasks, and brocades, and 
high head-dresses, and all sorts of line things. And they used 
to wear hooped petticoats of such enormous size, that it was 
quite a journey to walk round them. The gentlemen dressed 
with full as much magnificence as the ladies. For their holi- 
day suits they had coats of figured velvet, crimson, green, 
blue, and all other gay colors, embroidered witli gold or 
silver lace. 

17, " Their waistcoats, which were five times as large as 
modern ones, were very splendid. Sometimes the whole 
waistcoat, which came down almost to the knees, was made 
of gold brocade. And then they wore various sorts of peri- 
wigs, such as the tie, the spencer, the brigadier, the major, 
the albemarle, the ramilies, the feather-top, and the full- 
bottom. Their three-cornered hats were laced with gold oi- 
silver. They had shining buckles at the knees of their small- 
clothes, and buckles likewise in their shoes. They wore 
swords with beautiful hilts, either of silver, or sometimes of 
polislied steel, inlaid with gold." — Tlawthorne. 



I02 History of the United States. [i6i4. 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

WITH THE CONTEMPORANEOUS ENGLISH AND FRENCH SOVEREIGNS. 

English. French. 

Discoveries and Explorations. O 

b .... r., .,. ,. M^ 



n 



1492. The West Indies were discovered by Columbus. 
1497. North America was discovered by the Cabots. 
1499, South America was visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 

1512. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon. 

1513. The Pacific Ocean was discovered by Balboa. 

1520. The coast of Carolina was visited by De Ayllon. 

1521. Mexico was explored and conquered by Cortez. 
1524. The coast of North America explored by Verrazzani. 
1534. The St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 
1541. The Mississippi was discovered by be Soto. 

Colonial Events. 

1562. The Huguenots attempted to colonize Carolina. 
15G4. The second Huguenot colony was begun in Florida. 
15G5. Florida, at St. Augustine, was settled by Spaniards. 
1579. West coast of North America explored "by Drake. |~ {jj 

1584. Carolina coast explored by Raleigh's expedition. \ H g 

1585-7. Raleigh made two attempts to colonize Carolina. ^ " 
1602. The Massachusetts coast was explored by Gosnold. 

1606. The London and Plymouth Co's received charters. 

1607. The London Co. planted a colony at Jamestown. 
1609. The Hudson River was discovered by Hudson. 
1614. The New England coast was explored by Smith. 

New York was settled by the Dutch. 
1620. Plymouth, Massachusetts, was settled. 
1623. New Hampshire was settled. 
1630. Boston settled by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

1633. Connecticut was settled at Windsor. 

1634. Maryland (at St. Mary's) was settled. 

1635. Say brook (2d colony in Connecticut) was settled. 

1636. Providence (1st colony in Rhode Island) was settled 

1637. The Pequods of Connecticut were destroyed. 
The second colony of Bhode Island was established 

1638. The Swedish colony in Delaware was established. 
New Haven (3d colony in Connecticut) was settled. 

1643. Four New England colonies fonned a Union, 

1644. The two colonies of Rhode Island were united. 

1650. North Carolina (on the Chowan) was settled. 

1651. Parliament passed the "Navigation Act." 

1655. New Sweden (Delaware) conquered by the Dutch. 

1656. The " Persecution of Quakers " in Massachusetts. 






Q 

— tr 






Ckrofio logical Summary. 



103 



English. 
1663. 
1664. 



1665. 
1670. 
1673. 
1675. 
1682. 



B 1689. 
A [1690. 
> 11692. 
^1697. 

S 1702. 
« 1710. 
^ 1713. 

1729. 

1732. 

1733. 

1744. 

1745. 

1748. 

Hi ''''■ 

gjil755. 

^ 1756. 
1757. 
1758. 



1759. 



ho- 

C5 



1760. 
1763. 



The grant of Carolina to Clarendon and others. 
New York taken by the English from the Dutch. 
New Jersey (at Elizabeth) was settled. 
The Connecticut colonies united under one charter. 
South Carolina (on the Ashley) was settled. 
Virginia was ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 
King Philip's War in New England. 
Pennsylvania (at Philadelphia) was settled. 
Delaware granted by the Duke of York to Penn. 

King William's War began in America. 

Port Royal (Nova Scotia) captured by the English. 

Plymouth was united with Massachusetts. 

The " Treaty of Ryswick " ended the war. 

Queen Anne's War began in America. 

Port Royal captured (2d time) by the English. 

The " Treaty of Utrecht " ended the war. 

Carolina separated into North and South Carolina. 

Washington was born, in Virginia, Feb. 22. 

Georgia (at Savannah) was settled. 

King George's War began in America. 

Louisburg was taken (1st time) by the English. 

The "Treaty of AiK-la-Chapelle " ended the war. 

The French and Indian War. 

Washington defeated the French at Great IMeadows. 

The French were expelled from Nova Scotia. 

Braddock was defeated at the Monongahela. 

Oswego was captured by the French. 

Fort William Henry surrendered to the French. 

Abercromby was defeated at Ticonderoga. 

Louisburg was taken (2d time) by the English. 

Ft. Frontenac (Kingston) was taken by the English. 

Ft. Niagara was taken by the English. 

Wolfe defeated Montcalm before Quebec. 

Quebec was surrendered to the English. 

Montreal was surrendered to the English. 

The " Treaty of Paris " ended the war. 



French. 



Harvard College. — "Six years after the arrival of Winthrop (1636), the 
General Court voted a sum equal to a year's rate of the whole colony, to- 
wards the erection of a college. In 1638^ John Harvard, wlio arrived in the 
Bay only to fall a victim to the most wasting disease of the climate, desu-- 
ing to connect himself imperishably with the happiness of his adopted 
country, bequeathed to the college one-half of his estate and all his libi'ary. 
The infant institution was a f;vvorite. Connecticut, and Plymouth, and the 
towns iu the east, often contributed little offerings to promote its success. 
The gift of the rent of a ferry was a proof of the care of the State ; and once, 
at least, every family in each of the colonies gave to the college at Cambridge 
twelve pence, or a peck of corn, or its value * * ; while the magistrates and 
wealthier men Avere profuse in their liberality," — Bancroft, 



I04 



History of the United States. 



TOPICS FOR REVIEW 



Numbers refer to pages of the book. 



BIOGRAPHICAL. 

TFAo xvere they ? 

With what events connected ? 

Any other facts ? 

Columbus 13-20 

Magellan '^2 

Balboa 22 

Ponce de Leon 23 

Cortez 24 

The Cabots 27 

DeSoto 26 

Verrazzani 27 

Cartier 28 

Champlain 29 

Drake 29 

Gilbert 30 

Raleigh 30 

Goenold 31 

Captain John Smith 34-37 

Lord Delaware 37 

Pocahontas 34, 38 

Roger Williams 50, 51 

King Philip 57-59 

Henry Hudson 61 

Peter Stiiyvesant. . 65, 66 

William Penn 69-71 

Lord Baltimore 73 

Lord Clarendon 75 

James Oglethorpe 78 

Marquette 81 

La Salle 81 

George Washington 88-93 

General Braddock 89 

Baron Dieskau 90 

Marquis Montcalm 91, 94, 95 

General Wolfe 94, 95 

Pontiac 96 

GEOGRAPHICAIi. 

By whom discovered or settled ? 

With 'What events connected? 

Other facts f 

San Salvador 19 

Florida 23, 25, 28 



Mexico 23,24,25 

Mississippi River 26, 81, 82 

Labrador 27 

St. Lawrence River 28, 80 

Quebec 28, 94 

Carolina 28, 75, 76, 77 

Virginia 30-42 

Plymouth 47 

Boston 49 

Providence 51 

New Hampshire 52 

Connecticut 53 

Hudson River 61 

Manhattan Island 62 

New York 66, 67 

New Jersey 67-69 

Pennsylvania 69-73 

Delaware 72 

Maryland 73-75 

Georgia 78-80 

Louisiana 81 

New Orleans 82 

Nova Scotia 29, 85 

HISTORICAL. 

When did the event occur ? 

Circumstances leading to it and connected 
with it ? 

Discovery of America 15-19 

Discovery of the Pacific Ocean 22 

Voyage round the World 22, 29 

Discovery of Florida 23 

Conquest of Mexico 24, 25 

Introduction of Slavery into Virginia. 39 

Bacon's Rebellion 41 

Union of Connecticut Colonies 55 

Pequod War 55 

King Philip's War 57-59 

Salem Witchcraft 60 

Conquest of New Netherlands 66 

King William's War 82-84 

Conquest of Acadia 85 

French and Indian War 87-95 

Conquest of Canada 94-95 



PERIOD 11. 

From the Closb: of the French and Indian War 

TO THE Adoption of the National 

Constitution. 



CHAPTEK XL 

Causes of the American Reyolutioj^. 

1, Why the Colonies tvere faxed. — The French and In- 
dian War had cost a vast sum of money. In order to carry 
it on, Great Britain had been obhged to borrow three hun- 
dred millions of dollars, thus increasing her national debt by 
that amount. The English goyernment, therefore, soon after 
the close of the war ,_ set up the claim that, as it had been 
waged on behalf of the colonies, they should bear a part of 
the burden. Accordingly, a law was passed in 1765 called 
the Stamp Act. 

2, The Stamj) Act — This law required that for all busi- 
ness papers, such as deeds, bonds, notes, etc., and all such 
printed matter as newspapers, pamphlets, etc., paper haying 
a goyernment stamp should be used. By charging a certain 
sum for such paper, the goyernment would be enabled to ob- 
tain a considerable reyenue. The colonists,^ howeyer, would 
not submit to l)e taxed in this way ; for they said they had 
no representation in the English Parliament, and the goy- 
ernment had no rigid to tax them witliout their consent. 

3, Effect of its Passage — The news that the Stamp Act 
had been passed caused great excitement throughout the col- 
onies. Indignation meetings were held, and resolutions were 

Text Questions.— 1. Cost of tlie French and Indian War? What measure was 
adopted to help pay the del)t '? 2. What wa? the Stamp Act? Why did the col- 
onists oppose it? 3. How was the news of its passage received ? What is said of 
Patrick Henry ? James Otis? 

5* 



io6 



History of the U^iited States, [i-rts, 



adopted protesting against the law as an invasion of the rights 
of the colonists as Englishmen and freemen, and expressmg 
a firm determination to prevent it from going into effect. In 
the legislature of Virginia, Patrick Henry spoke with start- 
ling eloquence against the injustice and folly of the measure.* 
In Massachusetts, James Otis also eloquently denounced it, 
and projiosed a congress of delegates from all the colonies, so 

that a united stand might be made. 
This proposition was adopted. 

4, Colonial Congress, — Ac- 
cordingly, in October, 1765, the 
congress was held in New York, 
but there were present delegates 
from only nine colonies. Timothy 
Euggles, of Massachusetts, was 
chosen president, and a declaration 
of rights was adoj^ted. Petitions 
were also sent to the king and 
Parliament. 

Paxkkk henky. ^- ^<>^ *^^^ Stamps and 

Stamp Officer's tvere treated,^ 

When the day (Nov. 1) arrived, on which the law was to go 
into effect, there was intense excitement. In Boston, the 
bells were muffled and tolled, and the flags were displayed at 
half-mast. The people met under an old elm-tree, called 
afterwards " Liberty Tree," and publicly declared their in- 
dignation. Andrew OHver, who had been appointed the 
agent for the sale of the hated stamped paper, was hung in 
effigy ; his house was torn down, and he was obliged to re- 
sign the odious office. 




■^ In the midst of his speech he exclaimed, " Caesar had his Brutus ; 

Charles the First, his Cromwell ; and George the Third " " Treason ! 

Treason ! " was shouted from every part of the House. The orator, after a 

pause, thus concluded the sentence : " may profit by their example. If 

tkis be treason, make the most of it." 



4. Where and when did a colonial congress meet ? Its president ? Its proceed- 
ings ? 5. Events in Boston on Nov. 1 ? 



1776.] Causes of the American Revolution. 107 

6, Repeal of the Stamp Act, — In addition to tliis gen- 
eral opposition, the merchants of New York, Philadelphia, 
Boston, and other cities, agreed to import no more goods 
while the Stamp Act remained a law. Benjamin Franklin, 
who was at that time in England, told the English minister 
that the people of the colonies would never submit to the 
law. After considerable debate in Parliament, it was re- 
pealed, but the right to tax the colonies was maintained and 
declared (1766). 

7. Further Measures of Taxation, — The repeal of the 
Act caused great rejoicing througliout the colonies, but the 
joy was short-lived ; for the next year (1767) another law 
was passed imposing a tax on all glass, painters' colors, and 
tea, imported into the colonies. This measure caused the 
same opposition as the Stamp Act. The people resolved not 
to import any of these articles, but that they would manufac- 
ture them at home. Franklin wisely told them " to liglit 
the torches of industry and economy." 

8. Boston Massacre, — In Boston the people showed the 
firmest opposition to the tax, and consequently a large 
body of soldiers were sent to keep them in subjection. Tlie 
presence of these hirelings caused constant affrays, in one of 
which the soldiers fired on the people, and killed tliree men, 
besides wounding others (1770). This event is known as the 
" Boston Massacre. " * 

9, Tax on Tea, — Before the news of this event reached 
England, Parliament withdrew the duty from all articles ex- 

* " A gust of smoke overspread the scene. It rose heavily, as if loath to 
reveal the dreadful spectacle beneath it. Eleven of the sons of New England 
lav stretched "pon the street. Some, sorely wounded, were strugglmg to 
rise again. Others stirred not, nor groaned, for they werepast all_ pani. 
Blood was streaming upon the snow ; and that pur))le stain, in the midst of 
King's Street, though it melted away in the next day's sun, was never tor- 
gotten or forgiven by the people." — Hawthorne. 

6. TVhat agreement was entered into? When was the Act repealed? 7. Effect 
of the repeal ? What other law was passed ? The effect ? 8. What led to the Bos- 
ton Massacre ? How many persons wern killed ? 9. \\ hat tax was p aced ou tea . 
Did the colonists consent to pay it? Why not ? What was done with the tea at 
various places ? 



:o8 



History of the United States. [iT-yo. 



cept tea, which was taxed at the rate of three pence per 
pound. This did not, however, satisfy the people ; for it 
was the principle they contended for, that they ought not to 
be taxed without representation. Accordingly the tea which 
was brought to New York and Philadelphia, was sent back 
to London. In Charleston it was stored in damp cellars ; 
and, as no one would buy or use it, it spoiled. 




Fanfahl Hall, in 1776.^ 



10, Boston Tea Party,— Port Bill — In Boston, on a 
cold moonlight night in December, 1773, a party of men dis- 
guised as Indians boarded the ships, broke open the chests 
of tea, and emptied their contents into the water. The British 
government, in order to punish the citizens for this act of 

* Faneuil Hall, in Boston, was used by the patriots dnrino: the revolution, 
and for that reason is often called the " Cradle of American Liberty." The 
original building, comprising a market-place on the ground floor, a town- 
hall, and other rooms, was erected by Peter Faneuil, ])ermission having been 
given by the authorities of Boston, "in 1761, it was destroyed by fire ; but 
in 1763 it was rebuilt at the expense of the town ; and when the British oc- 
cupied Boston in 1775, they used the Hall for a theater. In 1805, the build- 
ing underwent considerable alteration, and was somewhat enlarged. 



10. What was done in Boston ? What was the Boston Port Bill ? Its eflect 



1773.] Caitses of the American Revolution. 



109 



bold defiance, passed a law closing the port of Boston, and 
reqniring that the General Conrt should meet at Salem. 
This was called the ^' Boston Port Bill." It caused great 
distress, especially among the merchants. 

11, Sympathy tv'itli Boston, — The peo^ole of the other 
colonies sympathized with the Bostonians in their sufferings 
for the cause of freedom. The j^eople of Salem and Newbury- 
port offered their ports to the merchants of Boston, Georgia 
sent supplies of provisions as well as money, K'ew York sent 
a large quantity of wheat, and all offered kindly sympathy. 

12, First Continental Congress* — In September, 1774, 
a general congress met at Philadelphia to take suitable meas- 
ures to protect the rights and interests of the colonies. This 
body is known as the "First Continental Congress." Fifty- 
one delegates were present, all the colonies being represented 
except Georgia. 

13., Its Proceedings. — This Congress formally com- 
mended the peoj^le 0:' 
Boston for their bold re- 
sistance to British tyi-- 
anny, adopted a declara- 
tion of rights, and an 
agreement to abstain 
from all commerce with 
England. The Congress 
also voted addresses to 
the king, the people of 
Great Britain, and the 
Canadians. George 
Washington, Patrick 
Henry, and John Adams 
were among the distin- 
guished patriots present 
as members of this Congress. 




I 11. How wa? j>ympathv shown to the Bostonians ? 12. When and where did the 

First Continental Congress meet? How many colonies were represented? 13. 
What were its proceedings ? Who were among the delegates ? 



no History of the United States. [iT'y4. 

J4, General Gage^^ Measures, — Previous to this time, 
General Gage had been appointed commander-in-chief of the 
king's troops, and also governor of Massachusetts. Seeing 
the hostility and excitement of the people, he fortified Boston 
Neck, and seizing the military stores which the Americans 
had collected at Cambridge and Charlestown, conveyed them 
to his headquarters. 

W, Preparations for War, — The people, though greatly 
excited, acted with prudence and caution. They did not 
desire a conflict with the " mother country," but were pre- 
pared for it, should it prove unavoidable. The militia were 
organized ; and in Massachusetts men capable of bearing 
arms were put under daily training, and pledged to take the 
field at a minute's notice ; hence they were called " Minute 
Men." 



CHAPTER XII. 

The War for Indepen^den^ce. 
1, Commencemerit of the Struggle, The war for Inde- 
pendence, sometimes called the " War of the Eevolution," 
commenced at the Battle of Lexington, in 1775. On the 18th 
of April, General Gage sent a body of troops to destroy some 
ammunition kept by the patriots at Concord, a small town 
about sixteen miles from Boston. The alarm was given ;'^ 

* Gage's plans, it is said, became known throun^h the remark of a British 
liorse-jockey, who remarked to nn American stable-boy whom he knew, 
that he had overheiird a conversation between Gage and other officers, and 
that there would be grand news the next day. This was immediately carried 
to Paul Revere, who enjoined silence on his informant, adding, "You are 
the third person who has brought me this information." — See " Paul Revere's 
Ride," by Longfellom. 

Map Questions.— (Map. p. 4.5.) In which direction from Boston is Lexington? 
I8 Concord ? How is Boston situated ? (Map, p. 109.1 Where is Ticonderoj^a ? 
Crown Point? (Map, p. 8R.) Into what river does the Sorel River flow ? Where is 
St. .John's? Montreal ? (Map. p.ll4 .) How is Charleston situated ? (Map, p. 76. 

Text Questions.— 14. What measnres did General Gage adopt? 15. How did 
the people hehave ? Who were called " Minute Men ? " 1. When and how did the 
War for Independence hesrin ? What wns done by Gage? Where did the Minute 
Men confront the British soldiers ? 



1T75.] The War for hidependence. iii 

and, iit daybrecik, some of the minute men were out on the 
green at Lexington, ready to meet the British troops on their 
way to Concord. 

2. Battle of Lexington, — Major Pitcairn, who com- 
manded the British, rode forward and shouted : " Disperse, 
you rebels ; tlirow down your arms and disperse ! " Not 
being obeyed, he ordered his men to fire. Then was shed the 
first blood of the war. Eight of the men of Lexington lay 
lifeless on the green, and nine were wounded. The others 
dispersed. The British then proceeded to Concord, and 
destroyed all the stores they could find. 

3. Retredt of the British — By this time the militia had 
collected in large numl^ers, and the British began to retreat. 
On their march back to Boston, they were attacked on all 
sides by the minute men. Every fence,* barn, and shed hid 
its assailants ; and the exhausted troops would scarcely haA e 
reached Boston, had not reinforcements arrived to aid them. 
As it was, more than two hundred were slain. 

4. Effect of the Battle — This battle fully aroused the 
patriots. They flocked in from all sides. Putnam left his oxen 
yoked in the field, and buckling on his sword, started for the 
camp near Boston. Stark, Greene, Warren, and others, were 
there also ; and General Ward was appointed to take com- 
mand. Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys from 
New Hampshire, with Benedict Arnold, captured the impor- 
tant posts of Ticonderoga \ and Crown Point in May of this 
year. 

* " We cannot help repeating the remark of Dr. Franklin to the Bntons, 
who complained to him of the scurvy treatment the king's troops had met 
with at Lexington, from the Yankees getting behind stone walls and firing 
at them. The doctor replied by asking them whether there ivere vot two sides 
to the tvalls ? This anecdote was repeated with a good deal of unction on 
the battle-ground by Washington when on his tour of 1789." — Drake's His- 
toric Fields. 

t " I immediately repaired to the barrack occupied by the commander of 
the fort, and ordered him to come forth instantly, or I would sacrifice ^he 

2. What took place at Lexington ? At Concord ? 3. Describe the retreat of the 
British. 4. What was the effect of the battle ? Who joined the array ? What forts 
were captured ? 



I 12 



History of the United States. [1775. 




5, Fortification of Breed's 
Hill — On the night of the 16th 
of June, the AmericanSj believ- 
ing that Gage intended to seize 
and fortify Bunker Hill, resolved to anticipate him. They, 
therefore, senj: Colonel Prescott, with a detachment of men, 
to fortify the hill. On reaching the ground, it was thought 
best to select Breed's Hill, which was nearer the city. The 
pickax and spade were plied with vigor, and at dawn (June 
17th) the eyes of Gage and his officers were astonished by the 
view of a strong redoubt, thrown up as if by magic. 

6, Battle of Breed's Hill — An attack was immediately 
ordered, and the British troops marched up to the works ; 

whole garrison. On this, tlie captain came to the door with his breeches in 
his hand, when I ordered him to deliver me the fort instantly. He asked 
me by what authority I demanded it. I answered him, ' In the name of 
the Great Jehovah, and the Continental Congress.' This surprise was ex- 
ecuted in the gray of the morning of the 10th of May, 1775." — Account by 
Ethan Allen." 

5. What hill was fortified ? Wh}- ? 6. Describe the attack. What was the re- 
sult? Wiiat clistinccaished man fell? 



ITTS.] 



The War for Independence. 



1 1 




jo>j in ^\ \\ i^j 



but they were met with so fierce a fire, that they turned and 
fled. Again the attack was made, and with the same result. 
The third time, with fresh troops, the assault was ordered ; 
and the Americans, having expended every grain of powder, 
were obliged to abandon their 
works. Slowly they retreated 
down the hill, vaii([uished men, 
but leaving little cause for tri- 
umph to the victors. On both 
sides many fell ; but the Amer- 
icans lost one whom they could 
little spare, the noble patriot and 
brave soldier. General Warren.* 

7. Effect of the Battle,— T\\\h 
battle t encouraged the American 
patriots. It showed them that 
they could contend successfulh 
with British hirelings, however skillful and well-tried ; and 
it proved to them also that the Putnams, Starks, and others, 
who had been trained in the -school of the " Old French 
War," had been apt scholars, and Avere the men to make good 
use of their training and experience. 

8, Aiypointment of Washington. — On the very day of 
the capture of Ticonderoga (May 10th), the Second Con- 
tinental Congress met at Philadelphia. That body decided 
to raise an army of twenty thousand men ; and, on the loth 

* Joseph "Warren was born in Roxbviry, Mass., in 1741. He was a grad- 
uate of Harvard College, and subsequently a physician of extensive practice 
in Boston. He had distinguished himself greatly for his patriotic resistance 
to the oppressive laws of England, and at the time of his death was a majoj- 
general in the army. Mrs. Adams wrote of him after the battle as follows : 
" Not all the havoc and devastation they have made, has moved me like the 
death of Warren. We want him in the Senate; we want him in his pro- 
fession ; we want him in the field. We mourn for the citizen, the senator, 
the physician, and the warrior." 

f This battle is generally called the " Battle of Bunker Hill." 

7. What was the effect of the battle ? What did it show ? 8. When did the 
Second Congress meet ? What did it vote ? What appointraeut was made ? When 
did Washington take command ? 



114 



History of the United States. [itts. 




GENEBAii Schuyler. 



of June, unanimously elected George Washington com- 
mander-in-cliief of ''the forces raised, or to be raised, in 

defense of American liberties. "* 
He thereupon resigned his. po- 
sition in Congress and, repair- 
ing to Cambridge, took com- 
mand of the army (July 12th). f 
9. Edcpeditioti against Can- 
ada. — To prevent the British 
from using Canada as a base of 
operations, Congress, in 1775, 
sent an expedition under Schuy- 
ler to take possession of it. He 

had reached 

the So-rel' 
Kiver, when sickness compelling his re- 
turn, Montgomery, the next officer, then 
took the command. He soon made him- 
self master of St. John's and Montreal, 
and then marched to Quebec, where, 
as had been arranged, he was joined by 
Arnold, who, with another force, had 
proceeded by the way of the Kennebec 

* Washino-ton accepted the position with great di.i;:nity and modesty. 
After expressing his thanks for the signal honor conferred upon him, he re- 
marked : " I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in this room, 
that I this day declar<% with the utmost sincerity, I do not think myself 
equal to the command I am honored Avith." He declined all compensation, 
remarking, " I will keep an account of my expenses. Those, I doubt not, 
will be discharged ; and that is all I desire." 

f " On General Washington's arrival at Cambrirlge, his first care was to 
reconnoitre the British troops with his spy-glass, and to examine the condi- 
tion of his own army. He found that the American troops amounted to 
about fourteen thousand men. They were extended all round the ])enin- 
sula of Boston, a space of twelve miles, from the high grounds of Roxbury 
on the right, to Mystic River on the left. Some were living in tents of sail- 
cloth, some in shanties rudely constructed of roxigh boards, some in huts of 
stone and turf, with curious windows and doors of basket-work." — Haw- 
thorne. 




9. Expedition flgains^t Canada ? What cities were taken ? Aruold's route? Where 
<iid lie join Montgomery? 




IT 75.] The War for Independence. ii5 

and the wilderness lying between its head waters and the 
St. Lawrence. 

10, Attack on Quebec— Death of Montgomery, For 

three weeks they besieged the city, and then resolved to take 
it by assault. On the last day of the 
year, and during a fierce snow-storm, 
they advanced to the attack in four 
columns. Onward they moved, cap- 
turing the enemy's works, the noble 
form of Montgomery leading his 
column, when one of the retreating 
soldiers ran back and touched off a 
cannon loaded with grape shot. It 
made deadly havoc among the as- 
sailants' ranks, and Montgomery him- ^^^^^^^ Montgomery. 
self fell mortally wounded. His column, struck with dis- 
may, retreated. 

11, End of the Expedition, — Arnold was also borne from 
the field severely wounded, so that the command devolved 
upon Captain Morgan, who, after a slight struggle, was 
obliged to surrender. Those who had been able to retreat, 
encamped under the command of Arnold, and passed the 
winter a short distance from Quebec ; but in the following 
spring the British recaptured all the places taken by the 
Americans, and the latter were obliged to return home, 
leaving the whole country in the hands of the enemy. 

12, Evacuation of Boston, — Meanwhile, Washington had 
remained with his army around Boston. At the end of win- 
ter, he resol;^d to drive the British from the city. Accord- 
ingly, he ordered fortifications to be erected on Dorchester 
Heights. As these commanded the city, and the Americans 
could not be dislodged, Howe, the British general, Avas com- 
pelled to withdraw his forces. Accordingly, on the 17th of 

10. Siege of Quebec? Result of the attack upon it? 11. Wiio toolc the com- 
mand? How and were was the winter pnssed ? How did the expedition end? 
12. AVhere did Washington remain? How were the British dislodged ? When did 
tliey leave Boston ? 



ii6 



History of the United States. [1776. 




TidNrrroT* 
HARLESTON 



March, Boston was evac- 
uated ; and Washington 
entered it amid the re- 
joicings of the people, 
who, for nearly a year, 
had endured every kind 
of insult and indignity 
from the British sol- 
diery. 

13 » An Attach on 
Charleston. — A detach- 
ment of the British had 
previously left Boston to 
make an attack on New 
York ; but Washington, 
suspecting their design, 

sent General Charles Lee to protect the city. Clinton, the 

British general, foiled in his 

design against New York, then 

proceeded in the fleet against 

Charleston. The attack, which 

lasted nine hours, was repulsed, 

the palmetto logs of the fort,* 

defended by the guns of Colonel 

Moultrie, proving too much for 

the British men-of-war, which 

drew off in a disabled condi- 
tion (June 28th). 

14, Declaration of Inde- 

2Jendence — The war thus far 

* " In the hottest fire of the battle, the flag of the fort Ft. Snmter was shot 
away, and fell outside. Sergeant Jasper instantly sprang after it npon the 
beach, between the ramparts and the enemy, and binding it to a sponge- 
staff (used in cleaning cannon), restored it to its place, and succeeded in 
getting back to the fort in safety." — Sim7ns's Life of Marion. 

13. What city was threatened ? How was the attack prevented ? Attack on 
Charleston? Its result? 14. Resolution of Richard H. Lee? When did it pass? 
WJio (;lra!ted tlie declaration V When was it adopted ? 




1776.] 



The War for Independence. 



117 




Independence Hall.* 

liad inspired the American patriots with courage and 
termination to throw off entirely the yoke of Great Bi 
On the 7th of June, Eichard Henry 
Lee, of Virginia, offered a resohition 
in Congress, d#claring tlie colonies 
''free and independent states." A 
committee, consisting of five distin- 
guished men,f was appointed to draft 
a Declaration of Independence ; and 
on the 2d of July, Lee's resolution was 
passed by a large majority. On the 
4th of July, the Declaration, drawn up 
by Thomas Jefferson, the chairman of liberty bell.^ 



a de- 
itain. 




* The okl State House, in Philadelphia, where Congress met, is still 
standing-. It is oenerally known In- the name of Independence Hall, though 
the room in which the Declaration of Independence was adopted and signed 
received at first that appellation. The building was erected in 173.5, but its 
bell-tower was not put up until 1750. A bell which was imported from 
England expressly for the tower, was found cracked upon its arrival, and 
thereupon it was recast in the city of Philadelphia, and raised to its place in 
175.3. Bv a curious coincidence, it bore around its crown the words : Pro- 
claim lihertij fhrouf/hout all the land vnfo all the inhabitants thereof. It has a 
world-wide reputation as the " Liberty Bell." 

\ This committee consisted of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin 
Franklin, Boger Sherman, and Kobert K. Livingston. 



ii8 



History of the United States. [1776. 




John Hancock.t 



the Committee, was unanimously adopted.* Thus the col- 
onies became independent states ; and the Fourth of July 

was henceforth to be celebrated as 
the birth-day of the nation. f 

15, Battle of Long Island , 
Aug, 27 — About this time, the 
British, under General Howe, col- 
lected their forces on Staten Island, 
j)reparatory to an attack on New 
York. Washington stationed his 
army, under Putnam, at Brooklyn, 
in order to make a stand in its 
defense. Howe crossed to Long 
Island, and marched his army in three divisions to the attack. 
His troops were greatly superior in numbers to the Americans, 
and were better armed and trained. Two of the divisions 
attacked the Americans in fronts 
while the third, under Clinton, 
marched round and fell on their rear. 
The Americans fought bravely, but 
without avail. Some cut their way 
through the ranks of the enemy sur- 
rounding them, but many were killed 
or taken prisoners. It was a sad dis- 
aster for the patriots (Aug. 27). 

* The people of Philadelphia waited with anxious expectation for the 
vote of Congress declaring the independence of the colonies; and it wps 
resolved to announce the event by ringing the old State-House bell, which 
bore the inscription : " Proclaim liberty to the land, to all the inhabitants 
thereof!" The old bellman, accordingly, placed his little son at the door 
of the hall, so that he might learn when to ring. On receiving the word, 
the little patriot-scion rushed forth. Hinging up his hands, and shouting 
aloud. Ring ! Ring ! RING ! And then the iron tongue proclaimed the 
glad news, which was re-echoed by hundreds of other bells throughout the 
city; and the people gave vent to their joy in bonfires, illuminations, 
huzzas, and the booming of cannon. 

t John Hancock was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1737. In 1775 
be was elected President of the Continental Congress, and on the 4th of July, 
1776, as President, he signed the Declaration of Independence. He died in 
Quincy, in 1793. 

15. Accoui.t of the battle of Long Island ? Its result? 




1776.] 



The War for Independence. 



119 



would have been 
; Init he delayed^ 




16, Hetreat of the Americans, — It 

worse, had Howe followed up his victorv 
and AVashington, taking advan- 
tage of a fog, skillfully drew off 
his shattered forces to New York 
(Aug. 29).* Howe, chagrined 
at the escape of his expected 
prey, quickly followed, and en- 
tered the city ; but AVashington 
had previously retreated nortli- 
ward. f At AVhite Plains a t)ar- 
tial engagement took place ; but 
the Americans were unable to hold their ground (Oct. 28). 
Forts Washington and Lee, on opposite sides of the Hudson, 
fell into the hands of the enemy ; and Washington continued 
his retreat through New Jersey to the Delaware, followed by 
Lord Cornwallis. 

17, Capture of General Lee — This was a dreadful series 
of misfortunes ; and many of the patriots became dis- 
heartened, and abandoned the army, leaving AVashington with 
only a small part of the force which he had collected to defend 
New York. Besides, General Charles Lee, who had been left 

* " This oxtraordinarv retreat of the Americans across the river to New 
York, which, in its silence and celerity, eqnaled the midnight fortifying of 
Bnnker (Breed's) Hill, was one of the most signal achievements of the war, 
and redounded greatly to the reputation of Washington, who, we are told, for 
forty-eight hours preceding: the safe extrication of his army from their 
perilous situation, scarcely closed his eyes, and was the greater part of the 
time on horseback." — Irving' s Life of Washington. 

\ A short time before this, Washington sent Captain Nathan Hale to the 
British camp to obtain, if possible, some knowledge of the condition of the 
enemy. On his return, he was captured, and taken before Howe, who, 
witliout even the form of a trial, ordered him to be hung as a spy. He died 
a patriot and a hero, saying, with his hist breath : " I only regret that I have 
bur one life to lose for my country." Captain Hale was a native of Con- 
necticut, and, although but twenty-one years of age, had greatly distinguished 
himself as a soldier. The tree on which he was hunir was in an orchard 
owned by Colonel Rutgers, and situated near the present intersection of 
Market Street and East Broadway, in New York City. 

16. How was the American army saved * 17. What other disaster befell the 
Americana ? In what way ? 



I20 



History of the United States. [i776. 




CrENi-lw S.L LtE. 



with a detachment near the Hudson, and was commanded to 

follow the main army, delayed his march, and was taken 
prisoner in New Jersey, while on his 
way. * 

18, ^Battle of Trenton, — At this 
time a deep gloom pervaded all classes 
of the Americans. They saw no other 
prospect than a complete failure of 
their treasured scheme of liberty. But 
Washington, undismayed, determined 
to strike a blow Avhich should inspire 
the minds of his countrymen Avith fresh 

hope. A body of Hessiansf were at this time stationed at 

Trenton. On the night of the 25th of December, in the 

midst of a storm of sleet, and 

while the river was filled with 

drifting ice, Washington, Avitli a 

division of his army, crossed the 

Delaware ; and early on the morn- 
ing of the 26th, surprised the 

enemy in their camp. Rahl, 

their commander, was mortally 

wounded, many of the Hessians 

were killed ; and the remainde 




numbering about a thousand, were taken prisoners. % Wash- 

* Charles Lee was born in England in 1731. He was with Bracldock in 
the expedition against Da Qticsne, and had also served with Abercromby. 
He was taken prisoner at Baskenridge, where he had fixed his qnarters at a 
distance from his troops. The Americans were greatly dispirited by his 
loss, for they regarded him as their most skillful general. It is now thought 
that Lee was, at heart, a traitor ; or, at any rate, that he cared only for his 
own advancement, and, being jealous of Washington, wished him to fail. 

t The Hessians were troops* hired from the Landgrave of Hesse. Troops 
were also hired by the British from the Duke of Brunswick and other petty 
German sovereigns, to fight against the American patriots. 

\ The Hessians had celebrated Christmas with their customary carousals. 
Tiahl was at a Christmas supper when a messenger brought him a note 
giving warning of the approach of the American forces. Heedless of danger, 

18. Hive .in account of the Rattle of Trenton. What were its results? Where is 
Trcurou (.Map, p. IQO)? 



1776.] The War for Independence. 121 

ington lost only four men — two being killed in the battle, 
and two frozen to death. 

19^ Retreat of Washington. — This bold and successful 
stroke went far to restore confidence ; but Washington's 
whole army at this time scarcely exceeded five thousand men. 
With this meager force he was confronted at Trenton (Jan. 
2, 1777) with a large body of troops under Cornwallis. 
Escape seemed impossible, for the riyer was filled with float- 
ing ice ; and to risk a battle with a force so much superior, 
seemed full of peril. Knowing that a detachment of the 
British had been left at Princeton, he quickly broke up his 
camp during the night, leaving the fires burning, so as to de- 
ceive the enemy, and rapidly marched toward that place. 

20, Battle of Princeton — At sunrise (January 3d), the 
van of his forces met, near Princeton, a division of the Brit- 
ish on their way to join Cornwallis. At first the American 
militia gave Avay ; but Washington, coming up with a select 
corps, turned the tide of battle, and routed the enemy. The 
British loss was severe ; that of the Americans, though not 
so great, included one of their best officers, the brave General 
Mercer.* After this victory, Washington successfully re- 
treated to the heights of Morristown, where he took up his 
quarters for the rest of the winter. 

21. Attach on Philadelphia. — In vain did Howe, on the 
opening of spring, strive to draw Washington into a general 
engagement. All his maneuvers were frustrated by the 
caution, skill, and watchful prudence of the American com- 

and excited by wine, he thrust the missive into his pocket. The next notice 
he received Avas the roll of the drums and the firing of the muskets that told 
of the attack upon his camj). After the battle, he was carried to the house 
of a Quaker family to die. Washington and Greene stood by the death- 
bed of the soldier, uttering words of sympathy for his sad fate. 

* " His career as a general had been brief, but long enough to secure him a 
lasting renown. His name remains one of the consecrated names of the 
Revolution." — Jj-ving's Lije of W ashington . 

19. The condition of Washington ? What stratagem did he adopt ? 20. Account 
of the Battle of Princeton ? Where is Princeton (Map, p. 120) ? It^ result? ? Wash- 
ino-ton's Avinter quarters ? 21. Design of Howe ? How prevented by \N ashnigton ( 
What course was then taken by Howe ? By Washingron y 

6 



122 



History of the United States, ri7^7. 



mander.* Unable, therefore,. to reach Philadelphia by way of 
New Jersey, Howe withdrew his troops to Staten Island, 

and embarking on board the 
fleet, sailed to the Chesapeake, 
and landed near the head of the 
Bay. Washington, discovering 
his plan, marched to the Brandy- 
wine, determined to make a 
stand for the defense of the city. 
22, Battle of the Brandy- 

ivine Here, on the 11th of 

September, a battle was fought, 
the Americans holding posses- 
sion of Chad's Ford. A part of the British, however, crossed 
the stream above, and while the Americans were attacked in 
front, marched ronnd in the rear, as at the battle of Long 
Island. The patriots were routed, notwithstanding the 
efforts and valor of the officers, among whom were La 
Fayettef and Pulaski. J The British soon after took Phila- 
delphia, in spite of all the efforts of AYashington to save it, 
but the trooi:)s were quartered chiefly at Germantown. 

23, Battle of Germantown, — Washington, having learned 




that detachments had been witlidrawn from the British 

* On this account Washino-ton was called the American Fabats, from the 
resemblance of his policy to that of the celebrated Koman general, who, con- 
tending with Hannibal, avoided engagements, and harassed him by con- 
tinual delay. 

f Early in 1776, Congress sent Silas Deane to France, to solicit aid. He 
Avas afterward joined by Dr. Franklin and Arthur Lee. While France 
could give no assistance openly to the Americans, without incurring the 
hostility of Great Britain, she secretly sent them supplies of money, arms, 
provisions, and clothin^^ The Marquis de La Fayette fitted out a vessel at 
his own expense, sailed to America, and joined the army, having been ap- 
pointed by Congress a major-general. He arrived in 1777, and the battle of 
the Brandy wine Avas the first engagement in which he took part. La Fayette 
was born in France in 1757, and died in 1834. 

:j: Count Pulaski was a distinguished Polish nobleman, who had previously 
joined the American ai-my as a volunteer soldier in the cause of liberty. 



S2. Account of the battle of the Brandv"-ine? Where Ava? that battle finijrlit 
CMap, p. 122) ? Capture of Philadelphia ? Where were the BritiHih troops quartered ? 



1777.] 



The War for Independence. 



12 



camp at Germautown in order to reduce the American forts 
which commanded the entrance to the Delaware, made an at- 
tack oil the remaining- forces, but was unsuccessful (Oct. 4). 
Forts Mifflin and Mercer, on the Delaware, soon after sur- 
rendered to the British, leaving the approaches to Phila- 
delphia free to their fleet. 




Washington's Heauquahteks at Brandywine. 

24,, Condition of the Army at Valley Forge, — During 
the Avinter of 1777-8, Washington's troops were quartered in 
huts at Valley Forge. Here the patriot soldiers suffered 

23. Account of the battle of Gerinantown ? Where is Oermantowii ? Ans.—1\. is 
now a iiart of Philadelphia, What forts surrendered? How Avere those forts sit- 
uated (Map, p. 122) ? 



124 



History of the United States. [i-ytT. 




Valley Fokce. 



greatly from the want of food, clothing, and shelter. Many 
were obliged to lie on the ground, or, being without blankets, 
to sit up all night at the fires. At one time more than a 
thousand soldiers had not a shoe to their feet ; and their 
path could often be traced l)y the blood which theij- naked 
feet left in the snow. 

25. Biirgoytie^s Imasion, — Meanwhile, stirring events 
liad occurred in the north. General Burgoyne, with an army 
of ten thousand British and German troops, Canadians, and 
Indians, had invaded New York by way of Lake Cham plain.* 



* A force was also sent under St. Lej^er to capture the forts on the Mo- 
hawk; and in an attempt to succor Colonel Gnnsevoort at Fort Schuyler, 
General Herkimer was slain. Arnold, with a small number of men, marched 
to the relief of the place, and accomplished the object by a stratagem. A 
half-witted boy, who had been taken prisoner, was instructed to go to the 
British commander, and aive the alarm that the American armv was near. 



24. Condition of the American Army at Valley Forge ? Where was Valley Forge 
(Map, p. 122)? 25. Invasion from Canada? What posts were captured? How 
were they situated (Map, p. 12H) ? How was Burgoyne's march delayed ? 



1777.] 



The War for Independence, 



125 



Crown. Point and Ticonderoga were soon taken (July 5), and 
Burgoyne adyanced to Fort Edward. But liis march had 
been dehiyed, for General Schuyler, who had the command 
of the American forces, ordered the roads to he ol)structed.* 




KuiNS OF Fort Ticonderoga. 

2G, Battle of Bennington, — When Burgoyne arrived at 

Fort Edward, he found himself in want of sui:>plies. He 

therefore sent Colonel Baum (bo?vm) to seize the stores which 

tlie Americans had collected at Bennington. Baum was met 



Rushing into the camp with his coat pierced by musket balls, he told the 
British that the Americans were comins;. When asked how many they 
Avere, he pointed upward to the leaves of the trees. St. Leger was so much 
alarmed, that he hastily abandoned the siege, leaving his tents and artillery 
behind him. 

* Many outrages were committed on this march by the Indians. The 
murder of Miss McCrea excited wide-spread abhorrence. This young lady 
had been captured by some Indians attached to Burgoyne's army, or had 
accepted the escort of the Indians ; and while they were conducting her to 
his camp, she was killed, they asserted, by a shot intended for her captors ; 
but her scalp was brought by the savages into Burgoyne's camp, 

26. Account of the battle of Bennington ? Where is Bennington (Map, p. 129) ? 



126 



History of the Ujiited States, [ittt. 




near Bennington by the New 
Hjimpsliire militia,* nnder Gen- 
eral Stark, and defeated ; and, on 
the same day (Aug. 16), a detach- 
ment which had been sent to the 
aid of Baum was also defeated. 

27, First Battle of Still- 
water, — The loss of so many 
places had created considerable 
alarm and dissatisfaction with 
Schuyler, and General Gates was 
appointed to the command. On 
the 19th of September, the Amer- 
icans made an attack on Bur- 
goyne's army at Bem'-is Heights, 
near Stillwater. Tlie battle was 
long and severe ; and Burgoyne, 
although he maintained his 
ground, found his progress effect- 
ually checked. 

28, Battle of Saratoga, — For 
two weeks the armies confronted 
each other ; when Burgoyne, find- 
ing that he must either fight or 
surrender, moAcd forward to at- 
tack the Americans. This brought on the second battle of 
Stillwater, sometimes called, the battle of Saratoga (October 
7th), in which Burgoyne, after the most determined efforts, 
was compelled to fall back. In these two battles, Bene- 






MASS. 



* These troops were called the " Green Mountain Boys," as they cliiefly 
belonged to that part of the State which now forms Vermont. As Stark 
saw the enemy's lines forming for battle, he shouted to his soldiers : " There 
are the red-coats; we must beat them to-day, or Molly Stark will be a 
widow." 



27. Who succeeded Schnyler ? Account of the First Battle of Stillwater? 28. 
Battle i^f Saratoirn ? Its reeiilt ? What was the conduct of Arnold ? Where is Sar- 
atoga (Map, p. 126) ? 



1778.] 



The Wai' for Indepenct 



eiice. 



127 




General Burgoyne, 



diet Arnuld, though without any particular command, 

fought with great bravery, and was 

severely wounded. Ten days after 

the battle, Burgoyne surrendered his 

Avhole army prisoners of war (October 

17th, 1777).* 

2U, Effects of Biirgoyne's Sur- 
render, — By this surrender, the 

Americans not only gained possession 

of an entire army, with all its arms 

and ammunition ; but such a decid- 
ed victory inspired all with hope and 

confidence, and, moreover, convinced 

the friends of American independence in Europe, that the 

cause of the patriots would triumph. 

50. Treaty with France, — When the ncAvs of the cap- 
ture of Burgoyne reached 
France, the government of that 
country decided openly to take 
the part of the struggling colo- 
nies; and, on the 6th of Feb- 
ruary, 1778, she made a treaty 
of alliance with them, acknowl- 
edging their independence, and 
ao'reeing' to furnish them with 
assistance in the w^ar with Great 
Britain. This important event 




had been brought about mainly 



General Gates. 



through the efforts and address 
of Benjamin Franklin, who, as has been already stated, was 
sent to France for this purpose in 1776.t 

* The whole number of prisoners exceeded five thousand. By this sur- 
render, the Americans acquired a fine train of artillery, five thousand mus- 
kets, and a Jartce quantity of clothing, tents, and military stores. 

f The British government was much alarmed un learning that the Amer- 

29. Effect of Burgoyne's surrender? 30. Treaty with France? How bronixlit 
about? 



128 



History of the United State, 



s. 



[1778, 




Db. Franklin. 



31, Evacuation of Philadelphia. — The French govern- 
ment at once fitted out a fleet, which, about the middle of 
April, sailed for America, under the 
command of Count D'Estaing [des- 
tang'). In the meantime, General 
Howe resigned his command, and 
General Clinton was appointed his 
successor. Fearing for the safety of 
the army at Philadelphia, the Brit- 
ish government ordered Clinton to 
proceed with his army to New 
York. Accordingly, Philadelphia 
was evacuated (June 18tli). 

32. Battle of Monmouth, — 
While on his march to New York, Clinton was overtaken by 
Washington at Monmouth, and a severe battle ensued. 
General Lee led the advance and was ordered to make an 
attack upon the enemy's line. Instead of doing so, lie com- 
menced a retreat; when Washington coming up, severely 
reprimanded him on the spot, and again ordered him to rally 
his men and advance.* This was done, and the battle con- 
tinued until nightfall ; but without a de#isive result. During 
tlie night Clinton continued his retreat to New Y^ork. f 

icans had obtained the aid of France, and sent commissioners to offer 
terms of peace with the colonies, on condition that they would return to 
their allegiance. Congress, however, refused to listen to any other terms 
than a full recognition of the independence of the States. One of the com- 
missioners attempted to bribe General Joseph Reed to persuade Congress to 
listen favorably to their terms, offering him ten thousand pounds for the 
service ; but the patriot, with honest indignation, replied : "I am not worth 
purchasing ; but, such as I am, the king of England is not rich enough to 
buy me ! " 

* Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke which he had received 
on the field of battle, he sent two disrespectful letters to Washington. He 
was therefore tried by court-martial, and suspended from his command for 
a year. He never rejoined the army ; but, just before the close of the war, 
died at Philadelphia. 

f The battle of Monmouth was fought on Sunday. The weather was in- 
tensely hot, and many died from the heat and from imprudently drinking 

31. What caused the evacuation of Philadelphia ? 32. The battle of Monmouth ? 
Account of the battle ? Its result? Where is Monmouth (Map, p. 68) ? 



nns.] 



The War for Independence, 



129 



the French 
arrive in the 




55. The hopes of the Americans in regard to 

fleet were disappointed. D'Estaing did not 

Delaware until after Lord 

Howe had sailed ; and although 

a plan ^ had been formed to at- 
tack Newport, he accomplished 

nothing. General Sullivan, who 

was to act with him, gained a 

position on Rhode Island, and 

drove back the British under 

Pigot, who attacked him at a 

j^lace called Quaker Hill (Aug. 

29) ; D'Estaing's fleet having 

sailed to Boston, and being 

threatened by a greatly superior force, Sullivan was obliged 

to withdraw to the main land. 

34:, 3Iassari'€S of Wf/oming and Cherry Valley — 
Among the saddest events of the year 
1778, were the massacres at Wy-o'- 
ming and Cherry Valley. In July, a 
l)and of tories and Indians, under 
ColonelJohn Butler, entered the beau- 
tiful valley of Wyoming, Pennsylvaniji, 
which was almost defenseless, as most 
of the able-bodied men had joined the 
patriot army. The women and children 
took refuge in a fort ; but the place was 

soon captured, and the savage Indians burned, plundered. 




Genebal, Sullivan. 



cold water. At the close of the battle, the American army lay on their arms 
ready to renew it the next day. Washington, with Lafayette by his side, 
slept at the foot of a tree. On leaving Philadelphia, Clinton's army was 
about twelve thousand strong ; his baggage-wagons formed a train twelve 
miles in length. He lost about five hundred men in the battle, and very 
many others, chiefly Hessians, by desertion. 



33. Proceedings of the French fleet ? Attack on Rhode Island ? 34. Account of 
the massacre at Wyoming? At Cherry Valley? Where is Wyoming (Map, p. 86)? 
Cherry Valley (Map, p. 86) ? 

6* 



130 History of the United States. [1778. 

and mu]-dered, until the whole valley was a dreadful scene 
of ruin and desolation. * In November, a party of the same 
mixed character fell upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, 
New York, and killed or carried into ca23tivity a large num- 
ber of the settlers. 

35, Capture of Savannah — Toward the close of the 
year, Clinton sent a force under Colonel Campbell to invade 




Greorgia. Savannah was attacked, and being defended by 
only a small force under General Eobert Howe, it could make 
but slight resistance, and was captured (December 29). It 
remained in the possession of the British till 1783. 

36. Events in the South. — Other disasters followed the 
loss of Savannah. Sunbury, the only American post remain- 
ing, being captured, the State of Georgia was at the mercy of 

* Read Campbell's Gertrude of Wyoming. 

35. The capture of Savannah ? How long was it held by the British? 36. What 
other disasters followed ? Who was defeated at Brier Creek ? Where is Brier Creek 
(Map, p. 131) ? 



1779.] 



The War foi'' Independence. 



i^i 



the British, and was restored as a royul provinco. Tories 
abounded, and committed every species of cruelty and depre- 
dation upon the persons and property of the patriots. At 
Brier Creek a division of the American forces in the South, 
commanded by General Lincoln, was surprised, and utterly 
routed (March 3, 1779). 

57. The British commander. General Prevost, soon after 
this attempted to take Charleston ; but his movements Avere 
checked by Lincoln. The latter was, however, defeated at 
Stono Ferry in an attempt to drive the enemy from their po- 
sition near the city. In October, 
after a siege of about three weeks, a 
combined attack was made upon Sa- 
vannah by Lincoln and the French 
fleet under D'Estaing ; but they were 
repulsed with heavy loss (Oct. 9). 
Among those who fell was the gallant 
Count Pulaski. This ended the cam- 
paign of 1779 in the South. 

38, Events in the JSTortJi, — In 
the north, the British did scarcely 
an3^hing beside plundering defense- 
less towns. Portsmouth and Norfolk, 
in Virginia, were burned ; and Gen- 
eral Tryon ravaged and burned Nor- 
walk, Fairtield, New Haven, and other towns in Connecticut. 
At one of these places, General Putnam narrowly escaped 
being made prisoner. * The most brilliant victory won by 

* This was at Horse-neck. Suiprised by an overwhelming force of the 
British, his troops were routed, and he was compelled to flee, closely pur- 
sued by the enemy. When nearly overtaken, he suddenly wheeled his 
horse, and galloping down the zigzag pafh of a precipice, where his pursuers 
did not dare to follow him, made good his escape. 

37. "What was done by General Brevoort ? What occurred at Stono Ferry? 
Where is Stono Ferry (Map, p. 130)? Account of the attack on Savannah? 38. 
What was done by the British in the north? What happened to Putnam? Account 
of the taliing of Stony Point ? Where is Stony Point (Map, p. 131) ? What is 
stated of Paulus Hook ? 




W\\ 


\. 


M'%^m * 


^ 


m 


^ 





132 



History of the United States. [1779. 




the Americans this year was the capture of Stony Point, a 
strong post on the Hudson. It was planned by Washington, 
whose headquarters were at West Point, but executed by 

General Wayne (July 15). Short- 
ly after this. Major Henry Lee sur- 
l^rised the garrison at Paulus 
Hook (now Jersey City), and took 
a large number of prisoners. 

39. Battle of Chemung, — Gen- 
eral SuUiA^an, being sent to repress 
the atrocities of the Indians in 
western New York, and to punish 
them for their barbarities at Wyo- 
general Wayne. miug and Cherry Valley, entered 

the region near the head-waters of the Susquehanna and 
Genesee rivers. At Chemung, he routed the Indians and 
tories after a fierce battle (Aug. 
29), and then laid the whole re- 
gion waste. Forty Indian vil- 
lages were destroyed, together 
with a vast quantity of corn. 

40. Naval Victory by Paul 
Jones — In September of this 
year, one of the most brilliant 
naval victories ever won was 
gained by Paul Jones,* com- 
manding a small squadron of 
French and American vessels. 
The battle was foudit off the 



l^attle was fought 




P\IIL JoNl-^ 



* John Paul Jones was born in Scotland in 1747. At the age of twelve 
he was apprenticed to a shipmaster, who was engaged in the American 
trade. His name was John Paul, to which, for some reason, he added that 
of Jones, After the Revolution, he entered the Russian naval service, and 
died in Paris, in poverty and neglect, in 1792. 



39. Account of Sullivan's operations apainst the Indians ? What battle was 
fought ? 40. Account of the victory of Paul Jones ? 



1780.] 



Tlie War for hidependence. 



133 



west coast of England, with two British frigates that were 
convoying a merchant fleet. The contest lasted from seven 
in the evening till ten at night ; and ended with the capture 
of the frigates. 

4:1. Taking of Charleston, — In 1780, operations in the 
South commenced with the siege of Charleston by the Brit- 
ish, under Clinton, aided by Admiral Ar'-buth-not. After 
holding out for forty days, it suffered a teiTific bombardment, 
during which, the shells falling upon the houses set the city 
on fire in several places. Its brave de- 
fender, Gfeneral Lincoln, was at last 
obliged to surrender the place ; and he 
and his army became prisoners of war 
(May 12). 

42, Battle of Camden, — Congress 
now sent General Gates, the victor at 
Saratoga, hoping that he would be able 
to check the British in their conquest 
of the South. He advanced as far as 
Sanders Creek, near Camden, where he 
wallis, and sustained a terrible defeat. 
De Kalb, who commanded a division of Gates's army,* was 
mortally wounded in this disastrous action (Aug. 16). Corn- 
wallis pushed on triumphantly, but hearing that Major Fer- 
guson, one of his officers, had been defeated at King's Moun- 
tain (Oct. 7), by a band of patriot militia, he retraced his 
steps, and took up a position in South Carolina. 

4:3, Partisan Warfare in the South, — These victories 
of the British, together with the merciless deeds of the tories, 
would have crushed the South, had not the brave partisan 




Baeon De Kalb. 

was met by Corn- 
The In-ave Baron 



* Baron De Kalb was a native of Alsace, in Germany. He came to 
America with Lafayette in 1777. He died three days after the battle. 



41. Of the taking: of Charleston ? 42. Account of the battle of Camden ? Who 
was mortally wounded ? How is Camden situated (Map, p. 130) ? What checked 
Corn wallis? 43. How was the spirit of liberty kept alive in the South"? The 
most noted of the partisan leaders? 




134 History of the United States. [i78o. 

leaders, Pickens, Sumter, Marion, and others, gathered 
around them the scattered patriots, aud by their daring ex- 
ploits kept alive the spirit of free- 
dom. Securely concealed from at- 
tack, these fearless bands were ever 
on the alert to sally forth and cut 
off the detachments of the British. 
Among these, Marion * and his men 
were particularly famous. Indeed, 
this enterprising leader was called 
by the British the ^' Swamp Fox." 

44. Treason of Arnold, — Bene- 
dict Arnold, who had gained so 
many laurels at Quebec, Fort Schuyler, and Saratoga — so 
highly prized for his genius and gallantry as a soldier, this 
year (1780) deserted the patriot cause, and became a traitor. 
After the British had left Philadelphia, he was assigned 
to a command at that city. He plunged into extravagance 
and luxury, and was found guilty, by a court-martial, of 
obtaining money by fraudulent means, and sentenced to be 
reprimanded by Washington. 

4:5, The sentence was executed with considerate gentle- 
ness ; but Arnold felt himself disgraced, and he sank into 
a far lower depth of infamy. Having obtained the command 
of West Point, he secretly offered the British to place it in 
their hands for a sufficient reward. Major Andre was ap- 
pointed by Clinton to arrange the plan and settle the terms 
of the surrender. 

* Francis Marion was born in South Carolina in 1732. His efforts and 
sufferings for the patriot cause have greatly endeared his memory. On one 
occasion, it is said, a British officer was conducted to his camp on official 
business, and Marion politely invited him to dinner. The whole fare proved 
to be only roasted sweet potatoes, served on pieces of bark. " And is this 
your usual mode of living % " exclaimed the officer. " It is," said Marion ; 
" and Ave are content with it, and ask no pay besides." The officer returned 
feeling that it was of little use to fight against such men. 

44. Wlio hecame a traitor ? His conduct at Philadelpliia ? Its rosiilt ? 45. 
What i)U)t did he euter into ? Wiio was appointed to arrange the plan ? 



1780.] 



The War for Independence. 



46*. He met the traitor at a place about six miles beloAV 
West Point. Being unable to return to New York by watei% 
as bad been arranged, he was obUged to cross the Hudson and 
proceed by land. When near Tarrytown, he was stopped by 




ARNOLD'S Headquaktees, opposite West Point. 

three militia-men,* Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart, who, 
hayino- searched him and found the treasonable papers mhis 
boots,"took him to North Castle, the nearest mihtary station. 
47. The commander at North Castle, having no suspicion 
of Arnold, at once notified him of the arrest. The tmitor 
fled, and escaped to New York by means of^^^ritisl^sloop- 

Tender between his stocking and his foot. 



136 History of the United States. [1780. 

of -war which had sailed up the river to carry Andre back. 
The latter was conveyed to Tappan, tried ])y court-martial, 
and sentenced to be executed as a spy. Sir Henry Clinton 
made CA^ery possible effort to save his life ; but the only 
terms that Washington could accept, were that Arnold should 
be given up in exchange for the prisoner ; luit tins Clinton 
could not honorably do. Andre met his fate with firmness, 
and received the sympathy of all, Avhile Arnold was univers- 
ally despised. The price of his treason was about six thou- 
sand pounds in money, and the appointment of brigadier- 
general in the British army.* 

4:8, Mutiny of the JPennsylvania Troops, — The year 
1781 opened with mutiny in the American army. The sol- 
diers had endured terrible hardships. They had, for a long 
time, received no pay ; they were poorly fed, and were ex- 
posed to the snows and piercing cold of winter, with 
nothing but their tattered garments to cover them. The 
Pennsylvania regiments, on New- Year's eve, unable longer 
to bear such sufferings, left their camp at Morristown, de- 
termined to march to Philadelphia and demand relief from 
Congress. 

49, At Princeton, messengers from Clinton met them, 
offering them positions in the British army ; but the soldiers 
seized these persons, and delivered them to General Wayne 
to be treated as spies. A committee of Congress waited upon 
them at this place, and satisfied their demands. This led 
to other mutinies; but Washington adopted severe meas- 

* Benedict Arnold was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1740. After 
the Revolution, he for a time engaged in business at St. John's, New Bruns- 
Avick. He afterwards went to England, where he lived in obscurity, shunned 
and despised by every one. On one occasion, a member of Parliament, on 
rising to address the House, noticed Arnold in the gallery, on which he ex- 
claimed, pointing to the traitor : "■ Mr. Speaker, I will not speak while that 
man is in the House." Arnold died in London, in 1801. 



48. What mutiny occurred ? Its cause ? Which of the troops left the camp ? 
Where did they proceed? Where is Morristown (Map. p. 68)? 49. What occurred 
at Princeton? How were the mutineers satisfied? What followed? Who aided 
Congress in raising funds ? Where is Princeton (Map, p. OS) ? 



1781.] 



The War for Independence. 



137 




^1 { 

Robert MoRiiis. 



ures, and efPectually qnelled them. Afterward, through the 
exertions of Rol)ert Morris,* Cono-ress was enabled to raise 
funds in order to carry on tlie 
war. 

50. Battle of Coivpetis.— 
Pursuit of Corntvalfis. — 
Creneral Greene, Avho had suc- 
ceeded Gates in tlie command 
of the southern army, in Jan- 
uary sent a detachment, under 
General Morgan, to repress 
the ravages of the British in 
South Carolina. At Cowpens 
the force gained a splendid vic- 
tory over a detachment of Corn- 
wallis's army, commanded by Colonel Tarleton (January 
17). Hearing of this, Cornwallis started in pursuit of Mor- 

gan, who had retreated to the 
Catawba ; but he did not reach 
the river until two hours after 
the Americans had crossed. He 
halted, intending to cross in the 
morning ; but during the night 
the river became so swollen by 
heavy rains as to be impassable. 

51, Retreat of Greene^ — 
Battle of G nil ford Court 
House,— Before Cornwallis could 
continue the pursuit, Morgan 
had joined his force to Greene's, 

^^ohert Morris was born in England in 1734. He came to America 
when thirteen voars ohl, and Avas edncated at Phihidelphia. He was one of 
the sifrners of the Declaration of Independence. After the Revolution, he 
lost by land speculations an immense fortune, which he had jrained in the 
China trade, and he died in P hiladelphia, in 1 806, i n comparative poverty. 

50. What led to the battle of the Cowpens ? Its les^ult? Where is Cowpens (Map, 
p. 130) ? Pursuit of Cornwallis ? Into what river does the Catawba flow / ol- J|f: 
treat of Greene? What two rivers did Greene and Morgan cross (Map, p. l-mt 
What battle was fought? Its result ? Where is Guilford Court House (Map, p. Ui)) t 




General Greene. 



138 History of the United States, [i-ysi. 

and the latter, by skillful maneuvering, reached the fords of 
the Dan, and crossed the river, just as the British appeared 
on the ojjposite bank. Cornwallis then gave up the pursuit ; 
but Greene recrossed the Dan, and advanced to Guilford 
Court House. There he was attacked by Cornwallis (March 
15), and forced to retreat ; but the British suffered so severely 
in the battle, that the result was almost as good as a victory 
to the Americans. 

52, Second Battle of Cannlen, — Greene now boldly ad- 
vanced into South Carolina, while Cornwallis, with a portion 
of his forces, moved northward into Virginia. At Hob- 
kirk's Hill, near Camden, Greene was attacked by Lord 
Eawdon, and defeated ; but the battle was so stoutly con- 
tested by Greene, that the enemy were too much cut up to 
make any use of their victory (April 25). Being obliged to 
abandon Camden, the British set it on fire. 

53, Partisan Warfare, — Battle of Eutaw Springs. — 
Few posts now remained in the possession of the British ; 
for the South Carolina partisan loaders had kept up a ha- 
rassing warfare against them. To make this more effective, 
Greene had detached Colonel Henry Lee with a small body 
of troops, which was called " Lee's Legion." The last battle 
in the South was fought at Eutaw Springs (September 8). 
It was a desperate conflict ; but the result w^as so doubtful 
that both parties claimed the victory. Throughout this 
campaign, Greene had shown splendid ability as a general, 
although he had met with no positive success. Congress 
voted him the highest honors for his services. 

54, Surrender of Cornwallis, — The closing event of the 
war w\as now at hand. Washington, having the aid of a 
French army under Eochambeau {ro-sham-ho'), had threat- 
ened ^ow York ; but hearing that a French fleet, under 

52. Whither did Greene march? Cornwalli?? Where did another battle occur? 
Its regult? Where is Camden (Map, p. i:W ? 53. What had been accomplished 
by partisan leaders ? Lee's Legion ? What was the last battle in the South ? Its 
result? Where is Eutaw Springs (Map, p. 130)? Greene as a general? Honors 
voted to him ? 



The War for Independence, i39 



1781.3 

'^^^'(^^^^l^^g^t^^ ii^ the Cliesapeake, he sud- 

denly changed liis plan, and proceeded rapidly to lork- 
town, where Cornwallis had 
taken position. It was too late 
for Clinton to intercept the 
march of the Americans; and the 
British fleet had been foiled by 
De Grasse. Cornwallis, attacked 
by sea and land, was therefore 
compelled to surrender his whole 
army prisoners of war (Octo- 
ber 19).* 

55. Arnold in, Connecticut, 
-To draw off Washington from 
Virginia, Clinton had sent Ar- 
nold to Connecticut, where he committed the most diT,ad- 
ful ravages. He plundered and burned New London; 
and Colonel Eyre (^re), his associate otticer, 
haying taken Fort Criswold, barbarously 
massacred half of the garrison after they 
had surrendered. Colonel Ledyard, the 
American commandant, was delivering up 

Ins sword, Avhen a tory officer, seizing it, 

pluno-ed it into his breast, kilhng him on the spot (Sept. 6). 

^InematofCovnwallis^s^mrendev^^X^^ surrender 
of Cornwalhs was a death-blow totiieJiope^^hatE^^ 





Vrhe^einony of sjirrender ^^s an Jmposing^one. 



The allied armies, 
* The ceremony or surrenaerwu. ;^»71j;rj*of' their respective troops, 
with Washington and ^^^^^^^^'^^^f ^^^^.^^'^il/ed^ it. colours 

were drawn up in two columns ; and the vanqmsnea ^ j ^^^^^^^ 

folded, marched out and laul down tl^^^^ '^^^^ ^ora^^^^ Surrendered his 
them down with such force as ^ break them t.o nuai ^ ^^ 

sword to Lincoln, who had the ^^^l^l^^^^^^^^;" ^f^f Xm^^^^ and every 
this event reached Congress at "^'^^"^S^^' [7;^t'^^;rm^^^ streets 

heart hounded with exultant ckhg-h, ^^ ,^J^^J^\t^g";Xallis is taken." 
of Philadelphia, cried aloud, " Pa^tjtwoodock^^d Lomwau 

54 Why did Wa.hin,lo,rpro^d to YorktownJJVn..t ^a^ ; 

What fleet arrived ? What ^h^d U acronn^i h ^ J^^ .'^'^.f ,^;«, ?^ Connecticut ? His 
Where is Yorktown (Map, p. 200) / 55. ^^ hy ^^.^ ^% -^ ^^w London (Map. 

conduct there? What occurred at toit (riibwom . 
p. 4.5) ? 



140 



History of the United States. [i-rsa. 




would ever regain her colonies. When the minister, Lord 
North, lieard of it, he walked the room as one distracted, re- 
peatedly exclaiming : ^' It is all 
over ! " Public opinion in Eng- 
land demanded peace ; and the 
government appointed commis- 
sioners to arrange a treaty. On 
the 30th of November, 1782, 
peace was agreed upon ; and on 
the 19th of April following, a ces- 
sation of the war was proclaimed 
in the American army. Thus it 
ended on the eighth anniversary 
of its commencement. A final 
treaty was signed at Paris, Sep- 
tember 3d. 1783. 

57. Terms of the Treaty, — 
By the terms of the treaty. Great Britain acknowledged the 
independence of the United States ; and the boundaries were 
fixed at the Great Lakes on the north, and the Mississippi 
Kiver on the west. The right to fish on the Banks of New- 
foundland was also conceded to the States. Florida was 
given ])ack to Spain. 

58, American Patriotisin during the Revolution,— 
Never did any people show a more patriotic spirit than that 
displayed by the Americans during their long struggle for in- 
dependence. The women at home, and the men in the camp, 
w^ere alike devoted to the cause of freedom. While the 
men fought, the women worked. The latter endeavored not 
only to supply the necessaries of life to their families, now 
dependent largely upon them, but to contribute, as far as 
they might, to the providing of needed articles of clothing 
for the soldiers. 



Lord Coknwallis. 



56. Effect of the surrender of Cornwallis? How did Lord North receive the news 
of the fsiirrendor ? How was peace made ? When ? 67. The terms of the treaty ? 
58. What is said of American patriotism '•' How displayed dnrino; the war ? 



The War for Independence, 



141 




Eighty-Six and Six Knitting Stockings for the Soldiers. 

59, The sufferings of the latter were intense ; * yet they 
persevered, and were not to be swerved from the cause in 
which they were engaged, by any promise of reward, or the 
fear of any privations or hardships which they might have to 
undergo. When, driven to desperation, some of the veterans 
of the army deserted their ranks, and marched forth to seek 
redress for the wrongs which they attributed to the neglect 
of Congress, they still spurned Avith abhorrence the bribes 
offered them by the minions of British power. 

«0. The patriots who had the misfortune to become pris- 
oners of war, were treated with every possil)le insult and 
outrage. Many of them were confined in loathsome dun- 
geons or prison-ships, where they received such inhuman 
treatment that thousands died. Of these floating hulks the 



* In a letter which Washington addressed to the President of Congress, 
on the 2.3d of December, 1777, he says, " We have no less than two thousand 
eight hundred and ninety eight men now in camp unfit for duty, because 
they are barefoot and otherwise naked." 

59. Of the sufferincrs of the eoldiers ? Their devotion to duty ? 60. Treatment of 
the prisoners by the British ? The prison-ship Jeney ? 



142 History of the United States. 




The Jeusey Phison-ship. 



most noted was the Jersey, which was anchored in a small 
bay off the Long Island shore, opposite New York, and used 
as a prison-shiji until the close of the war. 

(M, Forces Engaged, — In no engagement of the war were 
the forces engaged on either side very large. At the battle 
of Long Island there were about thirty-five thousand British 
and Hessians ; while Washington's whole effective force was 
only about seventeen thousand. Schuyler had but a few men 
(about four thousand) to cope with Burgoyne's ten thousand. 
At Monmouth, Washington's army probably contained about 
eighteen thousand to Clinton's twelve thousand. In all the 
other battles the opposing armies were very small. Greene 
performed his splendid exploits with less than five thousand 
men. At Yorktown the combined American and French 
army did not exceed sixteen thousand men. 

62. Foreign Aid. — The cause of the American colonies 
fighting for their independence was the cause of mankind. 
There was no generous soul throughout the civilized world 
who did not give it his entire sympathy. All who prized lib- 

61. The forces engaged during the war ? At the Battle of Long Island ? Schuy- 
ler's force ? Washington's, at Monmouth? The Briti>'h ? Greene's force ? Forces 
engaged at Yorktown ? 62. What induced foreigners to sympathize with the Amer- 
icans in their struggle for independence ? What distinguished foreigners joined 
the army ? 



The War for Independence, 



H3 



erty looked with intense interest upon the struggle of the weak 
against the mighty. Many gave themselycs up witli earnest 
devotion to the cause. Steuben 
came from Prussia, and helped 
to discipline the armies ; Lafa- 
yette, De Kalb, and the brave 
Poles, Pulaski and Kosciusko,* 
either gave their lives, or im- 
periled them, that freedom, 
crushed in the Old World, 
might be triumphant in the 
New. 

65, Articles of Confedera- 
tion — Nothing but the strong 

necessity of making a united 
effort kept the States together 
during the Eevolutionary War. 
There was, however, a general 
desire for a permanent union ; 
and as early as 1776, a Com- 
mittee of Congress submitted 
to that body an instrument con- 
sisting of twenty articles, jDut 
these were not adopted by Con- 




KOSClUbKO. 




Flag of the United States, 
ADOPTED IN June, 1777. + 



* Thaddeus Kosciusko Avas born in Poland about 1755. His character is 
among the most splendid in history for patriotism, nobleness of soul, cour- 
age, and skill in war. Unable to achieve the freedom of his own country, 
he came to America, and offered his aid to the patriots. He was present 
with Gates in the two battles of Stillwater, and afterward distinguished 
himself as an adjutant of Washington. Subsequently he returned to Po- 
land, and fought against the Russians, the oppressors of his country. He 
was defeated, severely wounded, and made a prisoner in 1794 ; kept a cap- 
tive for some time at St. Petersburg, but was afterward released. He died in 
Switzerland in 1817. 

f At the beginning of the Revolution, and for some months afterward, no 
distinctive flag was adopted by the Americans. In 1776, the British Union 
flag was used, the only change being thai the field was composed of thirteen 

63, What kept the States together during; the war? "WTiat was done to establish 
a permanent union ? When and how were the Articles of Confederation proposed ? 
When and how were they adopted ? The national flag ? 



144 History of the United States, [i^si. 

gress till 1777, wlien they were proposed to the states. As 
the consent of every state was required, this plan of a general 
government was not accepted until 1781, when it went into 
operation. The "star-spangled banner" was adopted by 
Congress as the national flag in 1777. 




CHAPTEE XIII. 

Events to the Adoption of the CoiirsTiTUTioN. 

1, Condition of the Country, — At the close of tlio 
war the people, although they had gained their independence, 
had a host of troubles to contend with. There was no money, 
for all had been spent in the war. There was very little 
wealth in the country, for its commerce had been ruined, 
its {ig-riculture and manufactures in part neglected, and a 
great deal of its property destroyed. Its currency had be- 
come so reduced in value as to be almost worthless. 

stripes, alternate red and white, to denote the union of the thirteen colonies. 
The American flag, " Stars and Strij^es," was adopted by Congress on the 
I4th of June, 1777. " The thirteen stars were arranged in a circle in order 
better to express the union of the states. In 1794, there having been two 
new states added to the Union, it was voted that the alternate stripes, as 
well as the circling stars, be fifteen in number, and the flag, as thus altered 
and enlarged, was the one which was borne through all the contests of the 
war of 1812. But it was thought that the flag would at length become too 
large if a new stri]>e should be added with every new state. It was therefore 
enacted, in 1818, that a permanent return should be made to the original 
number of thirteen stripes, and that the number of stars should henceforth 
correspond to the growing number of states." — Rev. A. P. Putnam. 

Map Questions.— Where is Annapolis (Map, p. 168) ? Mount Vernon? 
Text Questions.— 1. Troubles at the close of the Revolution ? 



1782.] Adoption of the Constitution, 145 

2, Difficulties tvith the Army,— Conduct of Washington, 

— Congress wtis greatly embarrassed by the want of tlie means 
to pay the army ; and the latter, not fully realizing the 
difficulties, became greatly dissatisfied, considering them- 
selves treated with ingratitude and injustice. Some of 
tlie officers were so indignant that they entered into a 
secret combination to make Washington king, thinking that 
thus they could acquire a recompense for their toils and 
sufferings. When, however, they made the proposal to him, 
he rejected it with indignation, and rebuked them for their 
selfishness and w^ant of patriotism. Soon afterwards, arrange- 
ments were made by which Congress satisfied the claims of 
both officers and soldiers. 

3, Disbanding the Arm g.— Evacuation of Neiv York, 
— On the 3d of Novemlier, 1783, the patriot army was 
disbanded, and nearly all were allowed to return to their 
homes. On the 25tli of that month, the British evacuated 
Xew York ; and a detachment of American troops under 
General Knox marched into the city and took possession. 
It must have been a glonous day for the people, who so long 
had been, as it were, subjects of the "British red-coats." 
"Evacuation-Day" is still celebrated in the metropolis of 
the Union. 

4, Retirement of Washington, — On the same day, Wash- 
ington called his officers together, and "with a heart full of 
love and gratitude," bade them farewell. Few could restrain 
their tears as they took the hand of their revered commander 
at this final parting. He then repaired to Annapolis, where 
Congress was in session, and formally resigned his commis- 
sion as commander-in-chief.* The next day (December 24), 

* After expressing his congratulations on the close of the war, he thus 
concluded: " Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the 
great theater of action, and bidding an affectionate farewell to this august 

2. How was Congress embarrassed ? Conduct of the army ? Of Washington ? 
Arrangements made by Congress ? 3. When was the army disbanded ? E%'acnation 
of New York ? 4. Parting of Washington with his officers ? Resigning his com- 
mission? When did he reach his home ? 



146 History of the United States, [i-rsT. 

lie reached his home at Mount Vernon, which he had been 
able to visit but once since he took command of the army. 

5. Defects of the Articles of Confederation. — It was 

soon found that the Articles of Confederation gave too little 
power to the general government to enable it to pay the debts 
incurred during the war. Congress could not levy taxes ; it 
could only call upon the States to raise money. This the 
States were backward in doing, either because the people 
were too poor to pay the taxes imposed, or from jealousy of 
Congress. Thus the American people were in danger of losing 
the fruits of their great triumph over the British government. 

6. Shays's Insurrection. — In some of the States there 
was great opposition to the measures of taxation adopted. 
In Massachusetts, an insurrection broke out under a leader 
named Daniel Shays, which caused considerable alarm ; but 
it was put down by a strong force under General Lincoln, 
with but little bloodshed (1787). This attempt to overturn 
the government, generally known as "Shays's Kebellion," 
showed still more clearly the need of strengthening the hands 
of Congress. 

7. Adoption of the Constitution, — Accordingly, a con- 
vention met on the 23d of May, 1787, at Philadelphia, for 
the purpose of amending the Articles of Confederation, so as 
to establish a more complete union of the States. Washing- 
ton was elected president of this Convention. After about 
four months' deliberation, a new Constitution was adopted, 
and sent forth to receive the assent of the individual States. 
Within a year, eleven of the States ratified it ; and as, by the 
terms of the instrument, the consent of nine states was to be 

body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my commission, 
and take my leave of all the employments of public life." To this impres- 
sive address, General Mifflin, the president of Congress, made an appropriate 
and touchinj^ response. 

5. What defect was found to exist in the Articles of Confederation ? What was 
the result of this ? 6. What insurrection broke out? Its cause ? How put down ? 
What did it prove ? 7. What convention met ? Where ? For what purpose? Its 
president? What did it accomplish? When was the Constitution ratified? By 
how many states ? When did it yo into effect ? 




East (rfthe Mississippi - 
ATTHE CLOSE/REVOLUfiON 



1789.] Adoption of the Constitution. 147 

sufficient for its adoption, it went into effect on the 4th of 
March, 1789. 

8, Section of Washington, as Presidents — The first 
election of president resulted in the unanimous clioice of 
Washington for that high office. John Adams ^\i\&, at the 
same time, chosen vice-president. It was with great regret 
that Washington again left his quiet home, to engage in pub- 
lic affairs. He knew that the task imposed upon him would 
be one of great difficulty and trial ; but his country called 
him, being in need of his services, and he obeyed. 

9, Washiugtou^s Journey to the Cajntal. — On his jour- 
ney to New York, the people everywhere greeted him with 
expressions of the deepest respect and gratitude. All recog- 
nized in him the '' Father of his Country." At Trenton, 
the scene of his victory in the darkest hour of tlje revolu- 
tionary struggle, a triumphal arch of laurels and flowers was 
thrown across the stream,* bearing the inscription, ^' The De- 
fender of the Mothers will be the Protector of the Daughters." 

10, luauguratiou of Washington. — The ceremony of 
inauguration occurred on the 30th of April, 1789. f Wash- 
ington took the oath of office on the l)alcony of the Senate 
Chamber, in the new Federal Hall, in Wall Street, where the 
United States Treasury now stands, in the city of New York. I 

* This aiT-h was erected on the bridge across the Assunpink. which flows 
thro ugh the town into the Delaware River. 

f Congress ought to have met on the 4th of March, but owing to a delay 
in the arrival of members, for traveling was very slow and difficult in those 
days, a quorum was not secured till the 30th. The inauguration was further 
delayed by a question which arose as to the title by which the President 
should be' addressed. To the great relief and satisfaction of Washington, it 
was finally decided that the title should be simply " The President of the 
United States." This has continued to be the form to the present time. 

J At the close of the ceremony, Robert R. Livingston, Chancellor of New 
York, exclaimed aloud, "Long live George Washington, President of the 
United States ! " To which tlie assembled multitude responded in shouts of 
joyful applause. New York city was then the capital of the United States. 



8. Result of the first election ? Feelings of Washington at being called from his 
retirement ? 9. How did the people greet him on his journey to the capital ? What 
occurred at Trenton ? IQ. When did tlie inauguration occur? Where ? Describe 
the proceedings. 



148 



History of tJie United States. 



TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 



Numbers refer to pages of tlie book. 



BIOGRAPHICAL. 

Who V)erp, they? 

With what events connected ? 

Any other facts? 

Benjamin Franklin 107, 127 

John Adams 109, 147 

Ethan Allen Ill 

Benedict Arnold. Ill, 114, 127, 134, 136, 139 

General Putnam Ill, 118, 131 

General Warren 113 

General Montgomery 114, 115 

General Charles Lee 116, 119, 120, 128 

Richard Henry Lee 117 

John Hancock 118 

General Mercer 121 

La Fayette. 122, 143 

Pulaski 122 

General Schuyler 125, 126 

General Stark 126 

General Gates 126, 133 

General Lincoln 131, 133, 146 

Paul Jones 132 

General Wayne 132 

Baron de Kalb 133 

General Marion 134 

Major Andre 134, 135, 136 

Robert Morris 137 

Kosciusko 143 

GEOGRAPHICAL.. 

Where are they? 

With what events connected ? 

New York 106, 118, 145, 147 

Boston 106, 107, 108, 112,115 

Philadelphia 109, 113, 121, 128, 146 

Concord 110 

Ticonderoga 113, 125 

Quebec 115 

Charleston 116, 133 

Brooklyn 118 

White Plains 119 

Morri stovvn. . 121 

Chad's Ford 122 

Valley Forge. . . 123 

Bennington 125 



Saratoga 12f) 

Savannah 130, 131 

Brier Creek 131 

Stono Ferry 131 

Camden 133, 138 

Cowpens 137 

Guilford Court House 137 

Eutaw Springs 138 

Yorktown 139 

New London 139 

Annapolis 145 

HISTORICAL. 

When did the event occur? 
Circumstances leading to it and connected, 
with it ? 

Passage of the Stamp Act 105 

Meeting of the Colonial Congress 106 

Boston Massacre 107 

Boston Tea Party 108 

Meeting of the First Continental Con- 
gress 109 

Battle of Lexington 110, 111 

Battle of Bunker Hill 112, 113 

Evacuation of Boston by the British. 115 

Declaration of Independence 117 

Battle of Long Island 118, 119 

Battle of Trenton 120 

Taking of Philadelphia by the British 121 

Battle of Germantown 122 

Surrender of Burgoyne 125, 126, 127 

Treaty with France 127 

Battle of Monmouth 128 

Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry 

Valley •... 1C9 

Battle of Chemung 132 

Capture of Charleston by the British. 133 

Battle of Camden 133 

Treason of A mold 134, 135 

Surrender of Cornwallis 138, 139 

Treaty of Peace with Great Britain . . 140 
Adoption of Articles of Confedera- 
tion 143 

Adoption of American Flag 143 

Shay's Insurrection 146 

Adoption of the Constitution 146 



PKRIOI) III. 



FROM THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON TO THE 
PRESENT TIME. 



CHAPTER XIY. 

Washington's Admixistration. 

1, The Union and the Government, — With the inau- 
guration of Washington commences the history of this coun- 
try as the United States. 
Previous to that time, the 
Union had heen only a sim- 
ple confederation, or league 
of States ; but the adoption 
of the Constitution l)y the 
People of the States, made it 
national. The government, 
by the Constitution, is vested 
in Congress, which is the law- 
making power; the President, 
wlio is the executive power, 
or that which enforces the 
law ; and the Supreme Court, 
which is the judicial power, 
or that \\iliicli explains the laws whenever 
called in question. 

2, Washington's Cabinet, — Washington 
presidential chair, called to his aid, as his cabinet, or body of 
advisers, the ablest men in the country that he could select. 

Text Questions.— 1. What change had occurred in the characterof the Union? 
Describe the general form of the government established. 2. Who were appointed 
members of the cabinet y 




Washington. 



their 



on taking the 



History of the United States, 




lowafOiiy ^_^ LaSalleA^i^ 
odJsIanil 
Bm-iiiigton 
Maclisoiir / 



3l<llk 



(laW, fprfWayue*,!-^'! Ma 

S^/- ^/( r/Zr or TIPP£CANOEv ' ' ■ - 



• CrestLiiie 



^.0 IIAI:! o 



/£, Newarl'. 



Bloonvrnqtcnt ' f'LjjTayelte /^(^'-eeuviUe (' 

( VTcJ^PiTautG |> Daytoii r lancasteV 



jjflSSO,,^, 



r^^ 




Batps/Tef ■ 










\a^ ( h^a^^^'^'"'''^^ Glasgow 

" " • "r /■ :^*^ :.5ss5??. « cro^ ' ' '/^ 

rCatTulpii, 5) ^-^L<,^ fCaxtl 

Poirtoioc. \ ;/ ,.->^ S"^^^-\# -DsMojiega* t/3"^\ ^A ^ 
Grenada/ ;) . ^ W S'C ' a ■, Ji / ^- \ ^-Ov • 
I / !/! c \ iLA. ! 




1791.] Washington s Administration, i5i 

Thomas Jefferson was chosen Secretary of State ; Alexander 
Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury ; General Knox, Sec- 
retary of War ; and Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General. 

5. Financial Measures, — The first great difficulty was to 
provide for the payment of the debts incurred in carrying on the 
late war. The plan proposed by Hamil- 
ton was finally adopted ; and by means 
of it the credit of the country was es- 
tablished. In 1791, a United States 
Bank was established in Philadelphia, 
and, the next year, a national mint. 

4, Admission of States, — Pre- 
yious to this (in 1789 and 1790), the 
states of North Carolina and Rhode 

Ti 1 1-111 , n 1 o J Seal of Vermont. 

Island, which had at first reiused 

to ratify the Constitution, adopted it. This made the number 
of states in the Union thirteen. To these, in 1791, was added 
Yermont, the first new state.* In 1792, Kentucky was ad- 
mitted, and in 1796, Tennessee, f 

5, IFJiisky Insurrection, — In 1791, Congi*ess imposed a 
duty on domestic liquors. This caused great discontent in 
several quarters, but particularly in western Pennsylvania, 

* Vermont was formed from territory which had been claimed by New 
York and New Hampshire, the former founding its claim on the grants 
made by Charles II., to the Duke of York, the latter on the colonial charter 
which it received when it was first settled. New Hampshire was the most 
active in the settlement of the territory ; her governor, during a period of 
eight years (from 1760 to 1768), having made more than a hundred town- 
ship grants within its limits. These, Avith other grants afterward made, 
were known as the "New Hampshire Grants." Before the Revolution, New 
York succeeded in obtaining jurisdiction over the territory, through a deci- 
sion of the king. The people, however, resisted the government thus estab- 
lished till 1791, when New York relinquished her claim for thirty-one 
thousand dollars, and Vermont was admitted into the Union. 

t Kentucky was previously a part of Virginia, and Tennessee, of North 
Carolina. These states, when admitted, were, however, formed from the ter- 
ritory south of the Ohio, known as the Southioest Territory. 

3. What was the first difficulty ? How was it removed ? What was established in 
1791 ? In 1792 ? 4. Wiiat other states ratified the Constitution ? What new states 
were admitted ? 5. Wliat was the cause of the Whisky Insurrection ? How was it 
put down? 



l5: 



History of the United States. 



[1794. 



Avhere, in 1794, the people rose in rebellion, and threatened 
the revenne officers with violence if they attempted to collect 
the tax. Washington's proclamation 
not being heeded, he called out the 
militia, to the number of fifteen 
thousand, and in this way quelled 
the insurrection without bloodshed. 

6, Indian War The Indians 

on the northwestern frontier were 
very hostile, and committed dreadful 
atrocities on the settlers. Washina:- 
ton sent a force under General Har- 
mar to subdue them, but he 




Seal of Kentucky. 



was defeated (1790). A force 
under St. Clair, was surprised 
and defeated with heavy loss 
in 1791 ; and it was not un- 
til 1794, that these warlike 
savages Avere subdued. In 
that year they were defent- 
ed by General Wayne, in a 
desperate battle fought on 
the banks of the Maumee 
Eiver. After this victory, 
Wayne pursued them for a 
considerable distance, laid 




Daniel Boone. 



* Daniel Boone, the pioneer in the settlement of Kentucky, was born in 
Pennsylvania in 1735, and died in Missouri in 1820. At the age of eighteen, 
he went with his father's family to North Carolina, where, a few years later, 
he was married. After making several hunting excursions, he set out, in 
1769, with five companions, to explore the Kentucky countjy. During the 
next twenty-five yeai-s his life, as an explorer, pioneer, hunter, guide, and 
settler, was the most prominent one in the history of that region. He had 
many encounters with the Indians, and was three times captured, but in each 
case effected his escape. In 1775, he built a fort on the Kentucky River, 
around which grew up the settlement and village of Boonsboro'. After 
Kentucky was admitted into the Union, Boone removed to Missouri. 

6. What Indian war broke out ? Who were defeatt'cl ? Who defeated the Iiidiauis ? 
When and where ? Result of this victory ? Describe the Maumee R, (Map, p. 16'?) ? 



1Y95.] 



Washington ' s Administration. 



i53 




waste their towns in all directions, and thus compelled them 
to make a treaty by which they gave np their claim to this 
part of the country. 

7. Foreign Affairs — The French 
being at Avar with England, expected 
to receive aid from this country ; and 
many of the American people, grateful 
to their old allies, Avere desirous of 
gi^dng it. Washington, hoAvever, feel- 
ing that the country Avas too much em- 
])arrassed to render any effectual assist- general st. claib. 
ance, and that to attempt it, Avould imperil its liberties, 
recommended a neutral policy. The French minister tried 
to involve the United States in the Avar, by fitting out priA^a- 
teers in American ports ; l)ut at Washington's request he Avas 

recalled. 

S, Difficulties had also arisen 
Avith England, but these Avere 
disposed of by a treaty negotiated 
by John Jay, Chief Justice,* 
Avho had been sent as a special 
envoy for the purpose. Many of 
the people were much opposed to 
this treaty, as it seemed to favor 
the British government ; and it 
Avas ratified by the Senate and 
Washington only after the most 
determined 02)position (1795). 
.*>, A short time before this, a treaty Avas made Avith Al- 
giers, by which the American citizens who Avere held as ca})- 

* John Jay was born in New York City in 1745. He was a member of 
the " First Continental Cong:ress/' rendered irajwrtant aid in favor of the 
adoption of the Constitution, and was the first Chief Justice of the United 
States, which office he resigned on his return from England, in 1795. 




John Jay. 



7. What difficulties occurred with France! 
9. AA^hat treaty was made with Algiers ? 



8. With England ? Jay's Treaty 



i54 



History of the United States. [1796. 



tives and slaves by that barbarous power, were released, and 
the commerce of the Mediterranean opened to American 
ships. 

10, Retirenient of Washington, 

— Washington had now served nearly 
eight years, having been unanimously 
re-elected in 1792 ; and in 1796 he 
was again urged to be a candidate, 
but he positively declined, for the 
country, being at peace with the 
world and in a prosperous condition, 
could, ho felt, dispense with liis ser- 
vices. In that year he gave to his countrymen his " Farewell 




Address ; " and on the 4th of March succeeding 
into retirement at Mount Vernon. 



again went 



CHAPTEIl XY. 

Administkations of Adams and Jeffeksoi^-. 

1, Inauguration of Jolm Adams, — John Adams, hav- 
ing received a majority of all the electoral votes, was chosen 
as the second 2)resideiit, and 
Thomas Jefferson was at the 
same time elected Vice-Presi- 
dent. The inauguration of 
Adams took j^lace at Philadel- 
phia on the 4th of March, 1797. 

2n Hostilities of France, — 
The French government showed 
a marked hostility to the United 
States ; for the refusal of the 
latter to be involved in a war 
with England, on account of john adams. 

Text Q,uestions.— 10. How lontr had Washington served ? Why did he retire ? 
What did he is^Pue previously? Where is Mount Vernon (Map, p. 198) ? 1. Who 
were chosen president and vice-president ? When did the Inauguration take place ? 




1199.] 



Adams and Jefferson. 



i55 



France, and the ratification of Jay's treaty by the Senate, had 
deeply offended the French. On this account their vessels 
on the ocean insulted the United States flag, and captured 
our merchant ships ; while at the capital of France the envoys 
sent by this country were refused a hearing.* 




Mount Vernon. t 



* Tbese envoys were met by the demand of a large sum of money, under 
the name of a loan to the French government ; and some of its officers also 
demanded bribes. William Pinckney, one of the envoys, indignantly replied 
to this demand : " Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute ; " and 
this became the imiversal cry of the American nation. 

t Mount Vernon, the home of Washington and the place of his burial, is 
situated on the western bank of the Potomac, fifteen miles from Washington 
city. The place, comprising the mansion, the tomb, and two hundred acres 

2. What made Prance hostile V What outrages were committed ? 



1 56 Histoiy of the United States. Lii'do. 

5. War with France,— Teace made, — Congress adopted 
measures to protect the country and its commerce against 
attack. An act was passed to equip a navy and raise an 
army ; and Washington was once more called upon to take 
the command of the land forces. Again sacrificing the com- 
forts of retirement, he accepted ; hut the army was never 
raised, for the French government was soon afterward over- 
turned, and peace was made with Napoleon Bonaparte, the 
head of the new government (1800). Previously, however, 
there had heen hostilities at sea, during which one of the 
French frigates had been captured by the American frigate 
Constellation (1799). 

4. Death of Washington, — Washington did not live to 
see peace restored. He died at Mount Vernon on the 14th 
of December, 1799. The whole nation mourned his loss, as 
the saddest of bereavements ; and the highest honors were 
paid to him, whom all acknowledged to have been the " first in 
peace, first in war, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 

5, Hem oral of the Cajntal, — In the summer of 1800, in 
accordance with a law passed in 1790, the capital of the 

United States was removed from Phil- 
adelphia to a place on the banks of the 
Potomac, which had been selected by 
Washington, and named in his honoi* 
j^6^ the City of Washingtok. 

0, Election of Jefferson and JSurr, 
— Adams's administration lasted only 
four years. Towards the close of it a 
fierce struggle took place between the 

Thomas Jefferson. twO great political parties of tllC day, 

of the original estate, was sold, in 1858, by John A. Washington, a nephew 
of George Washington, to the ''Ladies' Mount Vernon Association" for 
two hundred thousand dollars. " It is the design of the association to hold 
it in perpetuity as a plac e of public resort and pilgri mage." 

3 Meapure>i adopted by Coneress? Who wns called to command the army? 
With whom was pesice made ? What hostilities on the ocean had occurred y 4. 
When did the death of Washington occur ? Honors paid to him ? 5. Removal of 
the Capital ? 




1801 



Ada VIS and ycffci^son. 



i57 






,^h£. 




The Capitol at WAiSHiNtixox. 

the Federalists and tlie Republicans, whitli resulted finally 
in the choice of Thomas Jefferson for President, and Aaron 
Burr for Vice-President.* The inauguration took place at the 
new capital on \\\^ 4th of March, 1801. 

7. Admission of Ohio, — A new 
state was added to the Union by the 
admission of Ohio, in 1802. This 
state was formed from the Ohio Ter- 
ritory, which had previously been a 
part of. the Northwest Territory, the 
region lying north of the Ohio River. 

8, Purchase of Louisiana, — In 
1803, a large addition was made to 
the domain of the United States by the purchase from France 
of an immense tract of land, lying chiefly west of the Mis- 
sissippi River, and called by the French Louisiana. For this 
grant the sum of fifteen millions of dollars was paid ; and 
thus the' free navigation of the Mississippi River was secured 
to the United States. 

* There was no choice by the electors, and consequently the election went 
to the House of Repi'esentatives, where, after a week's contest, Jefferson 
finally succeeded in obtainino- a majority of the States in his favor, which 
elected him. Jefferson and Burr were republican candidates. 

6, Successors of Adams and Jefferson ? Date of inau<?uration ? 7. When was 
Ohio admitted ? From what territory formed ? 8. What territory was purchased in 
ISO ? For what eum ? Wliat was lims secured ? 




Seal of Ohio. 



1 58 



History of the United States, 



[1803. 



9, Expedition to the Mediterranean, — In the same 
year, an expedition was sent to the Mediterranean, to repress 
the piracies of the Barbary States, which constantly sent out 
armed vessels to capture the merchant ships of other nations, 
and make slaves of their crews. It was a common custom 
for nations to pay tribute to these states, to obtain freedom 
from their attacks. This, however, did not restrain their 
hostility and insolence ; and a fleet under Commodore Preble 
was sent against them. 




10. Loss of the Philadel- 
phia. — Preble first entered the 
port of Morocco, and after ex- 
acting terms of the emperor, 
sailed eastward, with the view to make an attack on Tripoli, 
the Bashaw of which had declared war upon the United 
States. Captain Bainbridge's ship, the Philadelphia, while 
sailing in the harbor of Tripoli, grounded, and was, in con- 

9. What expedition was sent out ? For what purpose ? 10. Where did Preble 
first proceed ? WUat disaster occurred at Tripoli ? 



1804.] 



Adams and Jefferson. 



i59 




sequence, captured by the Tripolittins, and her crew made 
shives. 

11, Brave Exiiloif of Lieutenant Decatur, — As it was 

deemed to be very important that the vessel shouki be re- 
captured or destroyed, Lieuten- 
ant (afterward Commodore) De- 
catur undertook the task. With 
a few brave comrades, he entered 
the harbor on the night of the 
15th of February, 1804, boarded 
the Philadelphia, killed or drove 
into the sea the Tripolitans in 
charge of her, and after setting 
the vessel on fire, escaped with- 
out losing a man. A short time 
afterward, a treaty of peace was 

made ^'''"^- i^^^'^™!^- 

with the Bashaw. 

12, Duel hetween Hamilton 
and Burr, — In 1804, occurred 
the unfortunate duel between the 
Vice-president, Burr, and Alexan- 
dei" Hamilton,* which was brought 
about by a political quarrel. It 
was fought at Weehawken, on the 
Wv\st bank of the Hudson, opposite 
New York, and Hamilton fell at 
the first fire. The death of a 
man so distinguished and so highly 

* Hamilton was born in one of the West India Islands, in 1757. At the 
age of thirteen he was sent to New York to be educated. At the beginnins: 
of the Revolution he was one of the first to take up arms in behalf of the 
pati'iots, performing a creditable part as captain of an artillery company in 
the battle of Long Island. By his intelligence and activity he attracted the 
attention of Washinfrton : and after the battles of Trenton and Princeton, 




Hamilton. 



11. How recantnred and destroyed? What occurred soon after this? 12. What 
duel occurred in 1604 ? What was its cause ? Who fell ? The result of the duel ? 



i6o History of the United States. [isoe. 

esteemed, iind in so sad a manner, occasioned very great ex- 
citement. Burr lost all liis political influence by the event, 
and fell into almost universal disrespect. 

13, Trial of Burr for Treason — Tavo years afterward, 
he became engaged in organizing a secret expedition at the 

West, whicli was suspected of being 
of a treasonable chai'acter. Though 
acquitted, on the trial, of the charge 
of treason, it was generally believed 
that lie was guilty of an intention 
to dismeml^er the Union by separat- 
ing the AVestern from the Atlantic 
states, and founding an independ- 
ent emi)ire l)eyond the Alleghany 
Mountains, over which he might 
bear rule. 

14, Di/ficulties with Great 
aabon Burk.* Britain. — Great Britain and 

France were at war at this time, and the United States en- 
deavored to carry out its policy of being neutral. Tlie power- 
ful British navy having swept from the ocean nearly all the 
vessels of France, American ships found full employment in 
carrying merchandise into French ports. To check this, the 
British government declared the j^orts of France and her 
allies to be in a state of blockade. Napoleon, who was at 
the head of the French government, declared a blockade of 
the British islands. In consequence of these measures. 




in both of which he took part, he accepted an invitation from Washington 
to take a place on his staff as aid-de-canip. He was engaged in the battles 
of Brandy wine, Gerniantown, and Monmouth. 

* Aaron Burr wes born in New Jersey, in 1756, and graduated at Prince- 
ton College. He accompanied Arnold in the expedition against Canada, 
and distinguished himself in the battles of Quebec and Monmouth. He died 
at Staten Ishand, N. Y., in 1836. Burr was a man of extraordinary genius 
and ability, but was deficient in moral principle. 



13. For what was Burr tried ? Result of the trial ? His probable design ? 14. 
What caused difficulties with Great Britain? 



1807.] Adams and Jefferson. i6i 

very many American vessels were seized, and our commerce 
with Europe was nearly ruined. 

15, The Right of Search. — A still greater grievance of 
the Americans was the so-called '^ right of search/' by which 
Great Britain claimed to have the right to search American 
vessels on the ocean, and to take from them all sailors of 
English bn-th, for the purpose of impressing them, that is, 
compelling them to serve in the British navy. 

16, Affair of the Leojnird and Chesajiealie In the 

summer of 1807, an event occurred which greatly increased 
the popular excitement against England. The British frigate 
Leopard, cruising in American waters, demanded permission 
to search the American frigate Chesapeake, then off the coast 
of Virginia, alleging that there were British deserters on 
board. As this was refused, she fired into the Chesapeake, 
and the latter, being unprepared for action, struck her colors, 
after having twenty-one of her crew killed or wounded. 
Four persons, asserted to be deserters, were then carried on 
board the Leopard, but three of them, as was afterwards 
proved, were native Americans. 

17. rresidenVs rroclamation — This outrage provoked 
the president to issue a proclamation forbidding British 
armed vessels to enter the ports or waters of the United 
States. The British government professed not to approve 
the conduct of the commander of the Leopard ; but nothing 
was done to atone for the injury until four years afterward. 

18. The Embargo — In retahation for the injuries in- 
flicted by England upon American commerce. Congress, in 
1807, laid an embargo upon American vessels, forbidding them 
to leave port. This measure, being ruinous to the shipping 
interests of this country, was very much condemned by the 
people, and made the administration unpopular. The Act 

15. What other grievance had the United States? 16 ^ive an ac^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
Its effect? What law was subsequently passed ? 



1 62 History of the United States, [isoo. 

was soon afterward reiDealed, and a law passed prohibiting all 
intercourse with England or France. 

19, Retirement of Jefferson, — In 1809, Jefferson's second 
term having expired, ho retired from the office of president, 
and was succeeded by James Madison, of Virginia, the 
fourth president of the United States. 




CHAPTEE XYI. 

Madison's Administration. 

1, Indian Confederation, — Battle of Tippecanoe. — 

Before Madison became president, the Indians on the western 
frontier, influenced by British emis- 
saries, and led on by their great chief 
Tecumseh, began to form a confederacy 
against the United States. To check 
their hostilities. General Harrison was 
sent to the West, and in the important 
battle of Tippecanoe (in the western 
part of Indiana), defeated them with 

Madison. great loSS (1811). 

2. War Declared,— Invasion of Canada, — As the Brit- 
ish still continued their unjust claims and measures,* Con- 

* " Upwards of six thousand cases of alleged impressments were recorded 
(at Washington). * * * It was admitted by the British government that 
there might have been, at the commencement of the year 1811, sixteen 
hundred bona fide American citizens serving by compulsion in the British 
fleet. * * * Upon the breaking out of hostilities, twenty-five hundred im- 
pressed sailors, still claiming to be American citizens, and refusing to fight 
against their country, were committed to Dartmoor and other prisons (in 
England), where most of them were detained till the end of the war." — 
Hikh-eth's History of the United States. 

Map Questions. — (Map. p. 163.) What river runs from Lake St. Clair to Lake 
Erie? An$. The Detroit. Name four places, found on the map, that are, or were, 
on the Detroit River. What river flows into Lake St. Clair from the ea^t? What 
battle was* fought on that river? Where was Ft. Mims (Map, p. 165) ? Tohepeka ? 
Plattsburg (Map, p. 126) ? Chippewa (Map, p. 167) ? Luncly's Lane ? 

Text Questions.— 19. When did Jeffeii^on's second term expire? Who suc- 
ceeded him? 1. What confederation was* formed? Through whose influence? 
What victory was gained by General Harrison ? 



Madison^ s Administration. 



163 




1812.] 

gress declared war against Great Britain in June, 1812 ; and 
the next month, General Hull, the governor of Michigan 
Territory, crossed the 
Detroit Eiver, and in- 
vaded Canada. After 
some operations of little 
importance, he recrossed 
the river, and took post 
at Detroit, where he was 
besieged by General 
Brock,* with a force of 
British and Indians. 

3, Surrender of De- 
troit by Hull The 

Americans felt confident 
of victory in the expect- 
ed battle ; but, to their 
surprise and indignation, 
Hull ordered a white flag to be hoisted, and gave up the 
place without a blow (August 16). By this act, the whole 
of Michigan Territory passed into the 
hands of the British. Hull, two years 
after, was tried by court-martial, pro- 
nounced guilty of cowardice and sen- 
tenced to'^be shot ; but, on account of 
his Kevolutionary services, he was 
pardoned by the President, f 

4, Victories on the Ocean— In 
1812, the Americans met with noth- 
i ng but disaster in t jiejr operations 

"* General Brock was kilied the same year at Queenstown, ^Wdi the 
Americans invaded Canada to attack. The latter .vere, however, lepulsed 
with considerable loss (Oct. 13). ui;^v..^ri «t i later 

to him than it appeared at his trial. 

2 When was war declared? Whoinvaded Canada? Where was Hull besieged? 
3. Wh-u "urTender was made ? Its result ? Punishment of Hull ? 




Seal or Louisiana. 



164 



History of the United States. [is 12. 




C()M:\r(ii)ORE Bainbiudge. 



Oil land ; but on the ocean, several brilliant yictories gained 
by Captain Hull, Commodore Decatur, and others, retrieved 
the honor of the country. Of these 
the most noted were the capture of 
the British frigate Guerriere {gdre- 
e-ere) by the Constitution, under 
Captain Hull ; that of the Mace- 
donian by the United States, under 
Commodore Decatur;. and tliat of 
the Java by the Constitution, under 
Captain Bainbridge, — the second 
victory gained by this vessel (after- 
wards called " Old Ironsides ''). 
American privateers, too, scoured the ocean, and inflicted 
severe injuries upon British commerce. During the year, 
more than three hundred vessels, with 
not less than three thousand prisoners, 
besides valuable cargoes, were captured 
by the Americans. 

5, Victories of Per ty and Harri- 
son — Ontlie 4th of March, 1813, Mad- 
ison commenced his second term ; and 
it was resolved to prosecute the war with 
vigor. The only victories, hoAvever, of 
any imjiortance, in 1813, were that of 
Commodore Perry, over a British fleet 
on Lake Erie (8e})tember 10),* and that of General Harrison, 
over the British and Indians, at the Thames Eiver, in Canada 




Commodore Pekry. 



* The two fleets mei near the western extremity of the lake, when a hard- 
fought battle of foiu- hours took place. Every vessel of the enemy surren- 
dered. Perry immediately wrote to Harrison, informino- him of the victory 
in the brief but memorable dispatch : " We have met the enemy, and they 
are ours." This victory established the naval supremacy of the Americans 
on Lake Erie. 

4. Operation? on land and on the ocean? What naval victories were gained? 
What was clone by American privateers ? 5. When did Madison's second term be- 
srin ? What victory was* gained by Commodore Perry ? What by General Harrison ? 
Result of the latter ? What Indian chief fell at the Thames ? 



1813.] 



Madison^ s Administration. 



i65 



(October 5). In the latter engagement, the Indian Chief 
Tecumseh was shot. By these two victories the Americans 
reo-ained ^lichigan Ter- 




^ talV-a-® 

"oRLEAN'i ^^'•' 



ritorv. 

6. War with the 
Creeks, — In the spring 
of 1813, the Indians of 
the South (the Creeks) 
were yisited by Tecum- 
seh, and persuaded to 
take up arms against the 
whites. In pursuance of 
the phm agreed upon, 
fifteen liundred Creek 
warriors surprised Fort 
]\rims, in Akabama, and 
massacred nearly three 
hundred persons — men, 
women, and children. 

7. This savage attack aroused the whole South. Several 
battles followed, in which the Indians were defeated. At 
length, a thousand Avarriors made a stand at To-ho-pe'-ka, 
where they were routed by General Jackson, on the 27th of 
March, 1814, with great slaughter. Their subjugation was 

complete. 

8. Other Operations during 1813 Operations were 

undertaken against Canada, at first, under General Dear- 
born,* and afterwards under General Wilkinson, but nothing 
was accomplished. The navy achieved sever al brilliant vic- 

* Toward the latter part of April, 1813, Dearl)orn crossed Lake Ontario, 
and proceeded to attack York. The troops landed, led bv General Fike, 
and were caiTvini; every thintr before them, when tlie enemy s magazine ex- 
ploded, mortally wounding Pike, and making sad havoc among his men. 
After a moment's panic they moved on, and were soon m possession ot tne 
town. — 

ft War with the CreekP its cau?e ? Final battle ? 8. What other operations 
were SiderTaken? What naval operations ? Affair of the Chesapeake and the 
Shannon ? 



1 66 



History of the United States. [is is. 




General Brown. 



tories during the year ; but one of the most noted events was 
the battle between the Chesapeake, under Captain Lawrence, 
and the British frigate Shannon, com- 
manded by Captain Broke. The two 
vessels met off Boston Harbor, and, 
after a terrific contest of fifteen min- 
utes, the Chesapeake was boarded by 
the enemy, and her fiag hauled down. 
Lawrence was mortally Avounded in 
the early part of the action.* 

,9. Invasion of Canada, — In 
March, 1814, an American force under 
General Wilkinson invaded Canada from Plattsburg ; but it 
was repulsed. Another force, under General Brown, invaded 
Canada near the Niagara frontier, and, 
on the 5th of July, defeated the Brit- 
ish at Chippewa. About three weeks 
afterward, the Americans were at- 
tacked at Lundy's Lane, where oc- 
curred the most obstinate battle of the 
war (July 25). 

10. Battle of Lundy's Lane,— 
Lieutenant (afterward General) Scott, 
who led tlie advance, bravely con- 
tended against superior numbers, until the arrival of General 
Brown. It soon became evident that a battery which the 
enemy held on a height, and which swept all parts of the 




Oapt. Lawrenck. 



* Lawrence had just returned to the United States after a cruise in the 
sloop-of-war Hornet, during which, off the coast of Guiana, he had encoun- 
tered the British brig Peacock, and in fifteen minutes compelled her to strike 
her colors. On his return he had been promoted to the command of the 
frigate Chesapeake, which was lying in Boston Harbor. With very imperfect 
equipments and an ill-assorted crew he sailed out of the harbor, and, the 
same day, encountered the Shannon. As Lawrence was^ borne below m a 
dying condition, he exclaimed, " Don't give up the ship ! " 



9 What invasions of Canada took place? What battle was fought near Niagara 
Fall's ? 10. Give au account of the battle of Lundy's Lane. 



1814.] 



Madison s Administraiion, 



167 



or the Americans be defeated. 



Scali 




field, must be captured, 

Colonel Miller was asked 

if he conld take it. He 

promptly answered, ^^I'll 

try, sir." The perilous 

task was undertaken and 

accomplished ; and the 

British, after vain at- 
tempts to retake it, were 

finally, after a contest of 

six hours, compelled to 

retreat. Brown and Scott 

were severely wounded 

in this battle. 

11, Attach onPlatts 

burg. — In September, 

Sir George Prevost, the 

commander-in-chief of the British army in Canada, with a 

large force, made a movement against Plattsburg, then de- 
fended by only a few hundred men, 
under General Macomb {ma-homy). 
At the same time, the British fleet on 
Lake Champlain, commanded by 
Commodore Downie, sailed to attack 
the American fleet under Commodore 
Macdonough. 

12, Battle of Lake Champlain, 
—While the British, from their bat- 
teries, commenced the land attack, 
their fleet engaged Macdonough's 
vessels, which were at anchor in the bay of Plattsburg. In 
a little more than two hours, Macdonough gained a complete 
victory. The fire from the land batteries then slackened ; 

11 What movement was made by the British army and fleet? Where is Lake 
Champlain (Map, p. 126)? Plattsburg? 12. Describe the battle of Lake Cham- 
plain. 




CoMMODORB Macdonough. 



1 68 



History of the Uiiited States. [is 14. 



and at niglitfall Prevost made a hasty retreat, having suf- 
fered a heavy loss in the attack. 

IS. British Naval Operations, — During the greater part 
of 1814, the whole Atlantic seaboard was locked up by Brit- 

it^h cruisers, from which descents 
Avere made upon small towns. 
In August, Stonington was bom- 
barded ; but its ca23ture was not 
effected. A little later in the 
month, a British squadron en- 
tered the Pa-tux'-ent, and landed 
five thousand men, commanded 
by General Eoss, whose object 
was the capture of Washington. 
14=, TaMng of Washijiyton, 
— Meeting with very little oppo- 
sition, he reached the American 
capital on the 24th of August, 
and destroyed a large amount 
of property. After burning the 
capitol, with its library, the 
President's mansion, and other 
buildings, the enemy made a 
hasty retreat. In the mean time, 
a part of the British fleet had ascended the Potomac to Alex- 
andria, and compelled the inhabitants to surrender their 
merchandise and shipping. 

15, Attack on BaltiTnore^ — Ross next proceeded against 
Baltimore ; but on his march thitlier, was slain in a skirmish. 
His forces, checked for a short time by the militia, succeeded 
in reaching the defenses of the city, prepared to act with the 
fleet. The bombardment of Fort McHenry was commenced on 

13. The operations of the British fleet on the Atlantic seaboard ? Where is Ston- 
ington ? (Map of Connecticut). 14. The takins? of Washington ? What other place 
was taken? With what rei^iilt? Where is the Patuxent (Map, p. I(i8) ? Washing- 
ton? Alexandria? Baltimore? 15. What officer was killed ? What other place 
was attacked V With what result ? 




1815.] Madison^ s Admijiistration. 169 

the morning of September 13tli, and continued nntil near the 
following morning. No serious impression, however, was made 
on the fort ; and the British, hopeless of success, withdrew.* 

IG, Movements of General Jackson, — There were other 
operations in the South during the year. The British were 
repulsed from Mobile ; and Jackson, finding that the Spanish 
port, Pensacola, was used by the enemy as a base of opera- 
tions, marched to the place, and boldly seizing it, compelled 
the British to leave. Learning that an invasion of Louisiana 
was threatened, he hastened to New Orleans, in order to put 
it in a. state of defense. 

J 7. Battle of Neiv Orleans. — On the 8tli of January, 
1815, the British, twelve thousand strong, commanded by Sir 
Edward Pakenham {pah'n-avi), made a general advance 
against the American intrenchments before New Orleans. 
Volley after volley was poured upon tliem with such terrible 
effect, tliat they were compelled to flee. Pakenham wiis slain, 
and two thousand of his men were killed, wounded, or taken 
prisoners. Tlie Americans lost only seven killed and six 
wounded, f 

18. Porter's Cruise. — During 1814, the naval operations 
of the Americans were generally successful. The frigate Es- 

* It was during this bombardment that the incident occurred which in- 
spired the composition of the " Star-spangled Banner." This national ode 
was written by Francis S. Key, an American detained on board one of the 
bombarding vessels. He had watched with painful anxiety during the day 
the national flag as it floated above the ramparts of the fort ; and during 
the night, the glare of the " bombs bursting in air," showed the stars and 
stripes still waving in triumph. The song expresses his exaltation at be- 
holding, " by the dawn's early light," that the flag still floated over the fort. 

\ The American Commissioners had signed the treaty of peace with 
Great Britain more than a fortnight before this bloody battle was fouglit. 
" O Morse, O Field, why were you not ready with your Oceanic Telegraph 
then, to tell those men of both armies, when they woke (on the morning 
of the 8th of January), that they were not enemies^, but friends and brothers, 
and send them joyful into each other's arms, not in madness against each 
other's arms." — Parton's Life of Jackson. 

16. What occurred in the South ? Where is Pens^acola (Map, p. 16n) ? Mobile ? 
New Orleans ? 17. Di'scrihe the battle of New Orleans. 18. What is naid of the 
naval operations during 1814? Of Captain Porter's cruise? Where is Valparaiso 
(Map of South America) ? 

8 



i7o 



History of the United States. [is 15. 




CoMMODOKE Porter. 



sex, under Captain Porter, made a successful cruise of more 
than a year, but was finally attacked in the harbor of Valparaiso 

{yalil-imli-ri! -80), March 28th, by 
two British ye^sels, and after one 
of the most desperate conflicts of 
the war, was forced to surrender. 
19, Treaty of Peace, — In 
February, 1815, the joyful tidings 
reached the United States, that a 
treaty of peace had been signed at 
Ghent, on the 24th of December, 
of the preceding year. This treaty 
settled none of the important is- 
sues which had caused the war — 
the encroachments upon American 
commerce, the right of search, and the impressment of British 
seamen who had become American naturalized citizens. The 
close of the war between England and France, however, ren- 
dered it unnecessary, at the time, to settle these questions. 

20, Decatur's Expedition — During the war, the Alge- 
rines, resuming their old practice of piracy, had seized several 
American vessels, and insulted and plundered the consul of 
the United States. A naval force, under Decatur, in 1815 
compelled the Barbary States — Al- 
giers, Tunis, and Tripoli, to submit to 
terms imposed by the United States 
government — to liberate the Ameri- 
can prisoners which they held, and to 
give up all future claim to the tribute 
paid since 1795, making indemnity, 
likewise, for all losses sustained by 
American citizens at their hands. 

21, During Madison's administra- 

19, When and where was peace made ? Were the questions which caused the 
war settled ? Why w;i? it not necessary to insist upon their settlement ? 20. Gfive 
an acco mt of Decatur'? expedition. What was its result ? 21, What stares were ad- 
mitted in 1812 and 1810 ? How long did Madison serve ? By whom was he succeeded ? 




Seal of Indiana. 



ISl?.] 



Mo7troe's Administration, 



171 



tion, two states were added to the Union : Louisiana, in 
1812, and Indiana in 1816. Madison, having served two 
terms, declined a re-election, following the example of Wash- 
ington and Jefferson. He Avas succeeded by James Monroe, 
of Virginia, on the 4th of March, 1817. 



CHAPTER XYII. 
Administratio]s^s from Madison" to Polk. 

J, Monroe^ s Adininistration, — When Monroe * took the 
presidential chair, the country was at peace with all the 
world, and the people were fast 
recovering from the effects of 
the late war. The strife between 
the great political parties, the 
Democrats and the Federalists, 
had also died out. f The wealth 
and population of the country, 
therefore, rapidly increased. 

2, Trouble with the Seni- 
inoles, — Towards the close of 
1817, difficulties commenced 
with the Seminoles, a warlike james Monroe. 

* James Monroe was born in Virginia in 1758. He entered the army in 
177 G, and was present at the battles of White Plains, Trenton, Brandywine, 
Germantown, and Monmouth. He was a member of Congress when Wash- 
ington resigned his commission; was subsequently governor of Virginia, 
and successively minister to France, England, and Holland. He died in 
New York, in 1831. 

f " Shortly after his inauguration, Monroe, imitating the example of 
Washington, set out on a tour through the Eastern States. His declaration 
of principles in his inaugural address had been highly satisfactory to The 
Federalists ; and at Boston tie was received with the most elaborate pomp. 
Imbittered and hot-tempei-ed leaders of parties, who for the last seven years 
had hardly deigned to speak to each other, or even to walk on the same side 
of the street, met now with smiling faces, vying in extravagance of repub- 
lican loyalty. The ' era of good ifeeling ' having thus begun, the way was 
rapidly paved for that complete amalgamation of parties which took place 
a few years after." — Hildreth's History of the U. S. 




Text Questions. 

preddent ? 



■1. What was the state of the country when Monroe became 



172 History of the United States. [1817. 



tribe of Indians, living in Florida, who committed serious 
depredations on the frontier settlements of Georgia. General 
Jackson, who had been sent to repress these outrages, finding 
that the Indians were encouraged by certain persons in Flor- 
ida, invaded that territory, although it belonged to Spain, 
with which country our government w^as at peace. 

5. Cession of Florida — He bui'ned some of the Indian 
towns, took the Spjinish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola, 
and put to death two British traders who, he lielieved, had 
supplied the Indians with arms and incited them to hostili- 
ties. This bold measure on the part of Jackson, for a time, 
threatened the country with a war with Spain ; but the 
difficulties were finally settled by Spain agreeing to sell Florida 
to the United States for five millions of dollars. A treaty to 
this effect was made in 1819, and two years later Florida 
became one of the territories of the United States. 





Seal of Mississippi. 



Seal, of Illinois 



4» New States, — The Mississippi Territory, * embracing 
the present states of Alabama and Mississipjii, was divided in 
1^7, and the western portion admitted into the Union as 

* This territory, except the coast-strip between Florida and Louisiana, 
was originally a part of Georgia; but, in 1798, was organized as the Mis- 
sissippi Territory. The word Mississippi is of Indian origin, signifying, ac- 
cording to some writers, the Great River, according to others, the Great 
Father of Waters. 

2. What hostilities arose with the Seminoles ? Jeickson's course ? 3. What forts 
did hp take ? What persons put to death ? What resulted from this? When and 
how did Florida become a territory of the United States ? What new states were 
admitted from 1817 to 18-20 ? 



1819. 



. \Ion roe s Adni in i strut ion . 



73 



the State of Mississippi. Illinois Avas admitted in 1818. U}) 
to 1800, it had been a part of the Northwest Territory, and 
then, till 1809, formed with Indiana the Indiana Territory. 
After the admission of the latter, it constitnted the Illinois 
Territory. Alabama was admitted in 1819 ; and, in 1820, 
Maine, till then a jmrt of Massachnsetts, was also admitted 
into the Union. 





Se.u. of Alabama. 



Seal of Maine. 



5. 3IissouH Compromise, — When Missouri ai)plied for 
admission, a violent and prolonged discussion arose in Con- 
gress, because its constitution permitted the existence of 
slavery in the new state, and the people of the Xorth were 
determined to resist any increase of 
the number and power of the slave 
states. The representatives of the 
Northern states therefore opposed the 
admission of Missouri as a slave state. 
In 1820, during the agitation of this 
question, the measure known as the 
" Missouri Compromise " was adopt- 
ed. By this it was provided that 
slavery should be prohibited in all 
the territory, except Missouri, lying north of the pai'allel 
36° 30', and west of the Mississippi. After the adoption of 
this compromise, Missouri was admitted (1821). 

5. What is meant by the Missouri Compromise? What led to its adoption? 
When was Missouri admitted ? 




Seal of Missouri. 



1/4 



History of the United States. [I824. 




a. Visit of Jja Fayette, — One of the most interesting 

events of this administration was the visit, in 1824, of La- 
fayette to the United States. 
He passed through the country, 
everywhere received with re- 
spect and grateful acclamations 
from the crowds who gathered 
to greet him, all offering him 
a most cordial welcome, and 
treating him as the honored 
guest of the nation. He re- 
mained in the country about a 
year, and was presented by 
Congress with the sum of two 
Lafayette. hundred thousand dollars, and 

a township of land, as a 

partial payment of the debt 

due him by the United 

States. 

7. In the fall of 1824, the 

election for president took 

place ; but, as no one of the 

four candidates received a 

majority of the electoral 

votes, the choice devolved 

upon the House of Eepre- 

sentatives, by whom John 

Quincy Adams, of Massa- 
chusetts, Avas elected. John 

0. Calhoun, of South Car- 
olina, was elected vice-pres- 




Bunker Hill Monument.* 



* Bunker Hill monument, an obelisk two hundred and twenty-one feet 
high, erected in commemoration of the battle, now stands on the spot where 
the redoubt was built on Breed's Hill. Its corner-stone was laid by General 
Lafayette, on the 17th of June, 1825, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. 

6. Describe the visit of Lafayette. What grant did Congress make to him? 7. 
Who succeeded Monroe ? How was John Quincy Adams elected ? 



1825.1 



y, Q, Adamses Administration. 



17^ 



ident. The inauguration of Adams took place on tlie 4tli of 
March, 1825. 

8, Adfuifiistratiofi of John Quincy Adams.* — The 

single term of this administration was a period of peace, during 
which the nation made rapid 
increase in population and 
wealth. By a very singular co- 
incidence, the two venerable 
ex-presidents, John Adams and 
Thomas Jefferson, died on the 
4th of July, 1826, t the fiftieth 
anniversary of American Inde- 
pendence. 

9. The American System. 
— The subject of domestic man- 
ufactures engaged a large share 
of the president's attention; 
and in 1828 a tariff law was passed, imposing heavy duties 
upon certain imported articles, with the view to encourage 
and protect their manufacture in this country. This policy 




John Quincy Adams. 



An immense concourse of persons was present on the occasion, including 
nearly two hundred revolutionary soldiei's Avitli forty surviving patriots of 
the battle, and President John Quincy Adams, with his entire cabinet. 
Daniel Webster delivered the oration. 

* John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, was born near Boston, in 
1767. He was alike remarkable for his accomplishments and integrity. 
After his retirement as president, he served sixteen years in Congress ; and 
such was his ability as a speaker and debater, that by general consent he 
received the title of "The Old Man Eloquent." In 1848, he was seized 
with paralysis while in his seat in the House of Representatives, and died 
two days after. 

f They expired within a few hours of each other; Jefferson at Monti- 
cello, Virginia, in the eighty-fourth year of his age ; and Adams at Quincy, 
Massachusetts, in the ninety -first year of his age. The news of the decease 
of these venei-able patriots, occurring by so wonderful a coincidence, together, 
and on the birth-day of the nation which they had so greatly contributed to 
establish, made a deep impression on the minds of the whole people. Every- 
where funeral ceremonies, processions, public eulogies, etc., testified the re- 
spect of the people for the illustrious dead. 



8, What is said of the period of J. Q. Adams's administration ? What deaths oc- 
curred ? Why remarkable ? 9. What was the American System ? By whom was it 
favored ? By whom opposed ? 



176 



History of the United States, 



[1829. 



of a protective tariff, under tlie name of the American Sys- 
tem, was earnestly supported by the representatives of the 
Eastern and Middle States ; but was vigorously opposed by 
those of tlie South.* 

10, Jackson's Adminisfratiou, — Andrew Jackson, elect- 
ed to succeed John Quincy Adams, was inaugurated on the 

4th of March, 1829, and he at 
once commenced a series of a- igor- 
ous measures, which he tirmly 
carried out during the eight years 
he continued in office. The 
practice, called "rotation in of- 
fice," of removing government 
officials, and appointing the po- 
ritical friends of the President, 
was begun by Jackson, f 

11. Nullification, — In 1832, 
a convention, elected by the peo- 
ple of South Carolina, declared the tariff law 7iuU and 00 id, 
and resolved that, should the United States government at- 
tempt to enforce the law by collecting the duties, the State 
of South Carolina would secede from the Union. President 
Jackson promptly issued his proclamation, announcing his 
determination to enforce the law, and containing the oft- 
quoted words : "The Union must and shall be preserved." 
He also sent troops under General Scott to Charleston. 




Andrew Jackson. 



"" The Tariff was called a " Bill of Abominations " by its enemies. The 
South opposed it as unconstitutional, and partial in its operation, benefiting 
the states largely engaged in manufactures, but injurious to the agricultural 
states of the South, the people of which, it was claimed, ought to have the 
privilege of obtaining such manufactured articles as they needed from the 
cheapest markets. 

t To such an extent did he carry this practice, that during 1829 there 
were nearly seven hundred removals from office ; while for the forty years 
preceding, the whole number of removals had been only sixty-four. 

10. Who succeeded J. Q. Adams ? What measures did he adopt ? What practice 
did he begin':' 11. What convention met in South Carolina? What resolution 
was adopted ? What measures did Jackson adopt ? 



1832.] 



yacksons Ad^ninistration. 



177 




12. These prompt and decisive measures had the desired 
effect. The nulHfiers, as they were called, were restrained ; 
and, soon afterwards, (in 1833), 
a '^compromise bill," providing 
for the gradual reduction of the 
duties, was offered by Henry 
Clay, and passed by Congress. 
It was accejjted by Calhoun,* 
Hayne, and the other South 
Carolina leaders; and thus 
quiet was restored. 

13, Bank of the United 
States, — Jackson, in his first 
annual message to Congress, had 
taken ground against the re- 
newal of the charter of the United States Bank ; and when, 
notwithstanding his objections, a bill was passed to renew it, 

he vetoed the measure (1832). 
In 1833, he withdrew the gov- 
ernment deposits from the bank, 
and caused them to be placed 
in several of the State banks. 
This act created great excite- 
ment ; and a resolution of the 
Senate declared the act uncon- 
stitutional, and censured the 
President ; but Jackson tri- 
umphed over all opposition. 
John c. pvlhoun -^^. Thc State banlvS which 




* John C. Calhoun, one of the most eminent of American statesmen, was 
born in South Carolina, in 1782. He was Secretary of War in Monroe's 
cabinet, and Vice-president durin,<r the administration of J. Q. Adams, and 
the first term of Jackson. He was noted for the firmness and ability with 
which he advocated the views of the people of the Southern States. He 
died in 1 850. 

12. ■Result of Jackson's prompt measure? What compromise was effected? 
13. Whfit course did the President pursue m regard to United States Bank ? What 
did it occasion ? 



1/ 



History of the United States, [i832. 



liad received the government funds, increased their loans to 
the merchants, and money became so abundant, that the 
price of everything was advanced. This led to speculation, 
all hoping to become suddenly rich. Farms were laid out 
for cities, and cut up into building lots, which sold at 
fabulous prices ; although those who 
bought them were unable to build 
upon them, or even to pay for them. 
The ruinous consequences of this state 
of things were exi3erienced a short time 
afterward. 

15, Ulack Haivk War, — During 
Jackson's administration, an Indian 
war, known as the Black Haiolc War,^ 
broke out in the ]N"orthwest (1832). 
The Indians were, however, soon sub- 
dued ; and their great chief, Black 
Hawk, with others of the Winneba- 
goes. Sacs, and Foxes, were conducted 
as prisoners through some of the principal cities of the Union, 
in order to convince them of the folly of contending against 
the whites. They were then sent 
back to their tribes, and a lasting- 
peace Avas the consequence. 

IG, Hie Seminole War. — To- 
wards the close of 1835, the Semi- 
noles renewed their hostilities, be- 
cause an attempt was made to re- 
move them to lands west of the 
Mississippi, according to a treaty 
which had been previously made 




Black Hawk. 




* Abraham Lincoln served in this Avar as the captain of a company of Il- 
linois volunteers; and Jefferson Davis, as lieutenant in the regular United 
States army. 

14. What was the effect of Jackson's course ? 15. What Indian war broke out ? 

How did it end ? What was done with Black Hawk ? 



1835.1 



Jackson s Administration. 



79 



with some of their chiefs. Their principal warrior, Osceola 
(os-e-o'-lah), and others, did not consider this treaty binding, 
and refused to obey it. This chief having used threatening- 
language, General Thompson, tlie government agent, put 
him in irons ; but on his j^rofessing penitence, and promising 
submission, he was released. 

17» But he was resolved on revenge ; and in December he 
approached a house in which 
Thompson and others were 
dining, and making a sudden 
attack, killed the general and 
four others of the party. On 
the same day. Major Dade, 
while marching with more 
than a hundred men to join 
General Clinch, was attacked, 
and Dade, with his whole 
force, except four men, Avas 
massacred. 

18^ A number of battles were fought during the next year 
with these warlike Indians, led on by Osceola, but without 
any decided result. In 1837, Osceola entered the American 
camp with a flag of truce, when he 
was seized and sent as a prisoner to 
Fort Moultrie, where he died. Two 
months later, Colonel Taylor (after- 
ward President Taylor) defeated the 
Seminoles in a desperate battle near 
Lake O-kee-cho'-bee ; and, though 
they continued hostile till 184.2, they 
were never able to rally again in large 
force. 
Two states were admitted into the 




Part of Flokida. 




Seal of Arkansas. 



19. New States^ 



16. What caused a war with the Seminoles? What was done to their chiof? 
17. How did he revenge hims^elf? What massacre was committed? 18. Uo\v 
was Osceola captured ? What decisive battle was fought ? 



i8o 



History of tJie United States. 



1837. 




Seal of Michigan. 



Union during the eight years of Jackson's Administration : 

Arkansas, in 1836 ; and Michigan in 1837. This made 
the number of the States, twenty- 
six. 

20, Van JSuren's Administra- 
tion, — ^At the close of Jackson's sec- 
ond term, Martin Van Buren,* of 
New York, became president, and 
continued in office one term — from 
1837 to 1841. The former year is 
noted for the bursting forth of a 
great financial storm, the result of 

the wild speculations of Jackson's time. Merchants were 

unable to pay their debts, and numerous failures were the 

consequence ; the banks sus- 
pended the payment of their 

notes in specie, and gold and 

silver disappeared, for those 

who had any, hoarded it for 

safety. 

21, Even the government 

was embarrassed, for its money 

was locked up in the suspended 

banks. This led to a measure, 

recommended by the President. 

by which the keeping of the 

government money was intrust- 
in 




Martin Van Buren. 



ed to Assistant Treasurers, 
called Sub-Treasuries. Tliis 
of the country. 



IS 



certain designated places, 
now the established policy 



* Martin Van Buren was born at Kinderhook, in New York, in 1782, 
where he died in 1862. He was successively U. S. Senator, governor of the 
State of New York, Secretary of State in Jackson's Cabinet, Vice-president 
of the U. S. during Jackson's second term, and President. 



19. What new states were admitted ? 20. Who was Jackson's successor ? What 
event occurred in 1837? Its result? 21. What embarrassed the government? 
What measure was adopted ? 



1841.1 



Harrison and Tyler. 



i8i 



.*^,2. Administi^atioiis of 
Harrison's and Tyler's. — 

Van Bureii's successor in office 
wiis William Henry Harrison,* 
of Ohio, the '-hero of Tippe- 
canoe and the Thames ; " but 
just one month after his inau- 
guration he died, and the Vice- 
President, John Tyler, f by the 
provisions of the Constitution, 
became president. 

23. Great excitement otcw 





John T\lkk. 



\Vii.i.iAii Henry Harrison. 

out of the proposition to annex 
Texas to the United States, as 
a ncAV state. That country had 
been a province, of Mexico, but 
the inhabitants had revolted, 
achieved their independence, 
and set up a republican govern- 
ment of their own.]; Hence, 
Texas was called, at the time, 
the ''hone Star State.'' The 
annexation of Texas was favored 
by the South, because it was a 



* William Henry Harrison was born in Virginia in 1773. He served 
under St. Clair and Wayne during the Northwestern campaign against the 
Indians. He had also served a< governor of Indiana Territory. 

f John Tvler was born in Virginia in 1790. He died in the same State in 
1862. 

:}: " The leader in this revolution was Samuel Houston, a Virginian of 
massive frame — energetic, audacious, unscrupulous — in no mean degree 
fitted to direct the storm he had helped to raise. Texas had to defend her 
newly-claimed liberties by the sword. General Houston headed the patriot 
forces, not quite fonr hundred in number, and imperfectly armed. Santa 
Anna came against them with an army of five thousand. The Texans re- 
treated, and having nothing to carry, easily distanced their pursuers. At 



22. Van Biiren'p successor ? How longfwas Harrison president? Who sncceeded 
him? 23. Wliat caused great excitement ? Previous liistory of Texas? Who fa- 
vored the annexation ? Why ? Who opposed it ? When was the bill lor annexing 
it signed ? What new state was admitted ? 



1^2 



History of the United States. [i845. 




Seal of Florida. 



slave state, but opposed by a large 
party in the North on that account, 
because they were greatly averse to any 
increase of the slave power in the 
United States. Many, too, foresaw 
tliat it would produce a war with 
Mexico. Three days before he went 
out of office, Tyler signed a bill for 
its annexation. Florida had been ad- 
mitted a short time previously (1845). 



CHAPTEIi XVIII. 

Administeation^s from Tyler to Lincoln. 

1, Polk's Administrafion. — James K. Polk* was in- 
augurated as President on tlie 
4th of March, 1845. On the 
Fourth of July succeeding, Tex- 
as became one of tlie United 
States, her legislature having 
approved the " annexation bill " 
passed by Congress. This led 
to a war with Mexico, as she 
had not acknowledged the in- 
dependence of her revolted pro- 
vince. 

2, War ivith Mexico,— Ko^- 




James Knox Polk. 



the San Jacinto, Houston was strengthened by the arrival of two field- 
pieces. He turned like a lion upon the unexpectant Mexicans, whom he 
cauo-ht in the very act of crossine: the river. He fired o:rapesliot into their 
quaking ranks. His unconquerable Texans clubbed their muskets— they 
had no bavonets— and rushed upon the foe. The Mexicans fled in helpless 
rout, and Texas was free. The grateful Texans elected General Houston 
presidcMt of the re]>nblic which he had thus saved."— /?o6er« Mackenzie. 

* James K. Polk was born in North Carolina in 1795. He was a repre- 
sentative in Congress from Tennessee for fourteen years, and was Speaker 
of the House three terms. He died in Tennessee in 1849. 



Text Questions.— 1 . Who succeeded Tyler ? Date of inausnration ? When and 
how did Texas become a state ? What did this lead to ? Wliy ? 



1846.] 



Polk's Administration. 



183 



till ties commenced in 1846, near the Kio Grande (re'-o 
gralm'-da), to whibh General Taylor had been sent to protect 



the new state from a threatened in- 
vasion by the Mexicans. The latter 
made an attack upon a party of 
American dragoons sent to recon- 
noiter, and crossed the Rio Grande 
apparently to move against Taylor's 
base of supplies at Point Isabel. * 

3, Taylor^ s Camjmign, — This 
led to two engagements, at Palo Alto 
{pali'-lo ahl'-to) and Resaca de la Pal- 
ma 




Seal of Texas. 




[ra-sah'-hah da lah 
2Mlil'-mali), in both of 
which the Mexicans Avere 
defeated with severe loss 
(May 8 and 9). In a few 
days, Taylor took the 
Mexican town of Mata- 
moras, and then march- 
ing to the fortified city 
of Monterey, t compelled 
it to capitulate (Sept. 24). 
These victories were 
o-ained with a far inferior 

o 

force to that of the Mex- 
icans. 



* The United States, bv the annexation of Texas, chiimcd the Rio Grande 
as their boundary, while Mexico alleored that the western limits of the prov- 
ince never extended bevond the Nueces River. The crossing ot the latter 
river into the disputed territory by Taylor, was, therefore, considered by the 
Mexicans as the commencement of active war, and they consequently made 

the attack. x, a a 

t This was a citv of ten thousand inhabitants, situated about one hundred 

and fifty miles west of the Rio Grande. It was surrounded with mountains, 

2 When nnd where did hostilities commence? How? 3. What battles were 
fought in May ? With what result ? What places were subsequently captured 1 
With what force ? 



1 84 



History of the United States, 




CAUFORNiA, 
aOEXAS &rc. 



Map Questions.— Where is Vera Cniz? Mnfcamora^ ? Jalapa ? Pnebla? Sal- 
tillo? Leaveuwonh ? San Francisco? Into what body of water does the Rio 
Grande flow? la wliat direction is Santa Fe from Leavenworth? Saltillo from 
Matamoras ? City of Mexico from Jalapa ? 



1847.] 



Polks Administration. 



i85 



4, Battle of Buena Vista. — Ta;0or's last engagement in 
Mexico was the battle of Buena Vista {piva'-nah vees'-tali) 
(23d of February, 184?). At this place, his small force of less 
than five thousaiid men, was attacked by Santa Anna with an 
army of nearly four times that number of men ; but after a 
determined contest, Avhich lasted from morning till night, 
the Mexicans were driven in disorder from the field.* 

5, Conquest of New Meocico and California — In the 
mean time, General Kearny (Jcar'-ne) had marched with a 
force into New Mexico, and taken 
possession of that province ; while 
Captain Fremont had entered Cali- 
fornia, and defeated the Mexicans 
in several skirmishes. The conquest 
of California was completed in 1847 
by means of the American fleet un- 
der Commodores Sloat and Stock- 
ton, assisted by Fremont and Gen- 
eral Kearny. 

6, Scott's Eocj^edition, — In order 
to conquer a peace, the authorities 
in Washing-ton had decided to send 

and was strongly fortified, besides being garrisoned by an army of ten 
thousand men. In spite of the heavy fire of the cannon and mnsketry from 
the Mexicans, the Americans carried all the outworks successively, and at 
last got into the town, where, as the fire of the Mexicans swept the open 
streets, they cut their way through the walls of the houses. When they 
were within a short distance of the Grand Plaza, the city was surrendered. 
The Mexicans lost a thousand men ; while the loss of the Americans in 
killed and Avounded was less than one-half that number. 

* Santa Anna had been made Dictator, and was the commander-in-chief 
of the Mexican army. He had been so sure of victory, that he sent his 
cavalry to intercept' the retreat of the Americans. The American general, 
summoned to surrender, replied, " General Taylor never surrenders." In 
the midst of this dreadful battle he remained perfectly cool, calling out to 
his artillery officer at one time, " A little more grape. Captain Bragg ! " 
The battle of Buena Vista entirely broke up Santa Anna's splendid army 
of twenty thousand men. 

4. Account of the battle of Buena Vista? 5. "What province wan conquered by 
Kearny? What was invaded by Fremont ? How was the conquest of California 
completed ? 6. What expedition was planned at Washington ? Who was placed in 
command ? 




John C Irfmoni 



i86 



History of the United States. [i847. 



an expedition to take possession of the Mexican capital ; and 
General Scott was chosen to command it. To strengthen the 
force given him for this purpose, a 
large number of Taylor's best troops 
were withdrawn. This it was that 
weakened that officer's army so great- 
ly before the battle of Buena Vista. 

7. Taking of Vera Cruz, — Scott 
landed his army near the city of Vera 
Cruz, which was defended by a 
powerful fortress. On the 22d of 
March, 1847, he oj)ened a tremendous 
fire upon both city and fortress ; and on tlie 27th both were 
compelled to surrender. On the 8th of April following', he 
commenced his march in- 





to the interior. 

8, Battle of Cerro 
Gordo — At the moun- 
tain pass of Cerro Gordo 
(sdr'-ro gor'-do), the Mex- 
icans, about twelve thou- 
sand strong, under Santa 
Anna, waited behind 
strong fortifications to 
resist the advance of the 
invading army. The 
Americans cut a way 
round the mountains ; 
and while a part made 
an attack on the front, 
others assailed the fortifications in the rear, 
a complete victory. The Mexicans fled in 
Santa Anna narrowly escaped capture.* 

* So hurried was the flight of the Mexicans, that Santa Anna was 
obliged, it was said, to leave behiml him his wooden leg. 

7. Account of the taking of Vera Cruz ? 8. Of the battle of Cerro Gordo ? 



SCOTT'S 
CAM PAi GN 



The result was 
confusion, and 



1841.1 



Polk's Admhiistration. 



9, Other successes followed, and on the 
15th of May, the invading army entered 
and occupied the ancient and populous 
city of Puebla (poo-a'-blah). Here Scott, 
having sent home a large number of his 
troops, because their terms had expired, 
waited for three months for reinforce- 
ments. On their arrival, he resumed his 
march toward the City of Mexico. 

10, Occwpation of Mexico, — Finding 
that the direct route to the Mexican capital was strongly for- 
tified, Scott turned southward, and encamped about ten miles 



3 mn--^, , 




h\M\ Anna. 




bCOTT ENTEKlNCi THE OlTY OF MEXICO. 

from the city. The ap- 
proaches to it were strongly 
guarded by powerful bat- 
teries ; but these were all 
successively taken after severe conflicts, in which the Ameri- 
can troops s howed the greatest determination and daring. 

p. What city was occupied ? Howloug did Scott remain there ? Why ? How did 
Sct)tt reach Mexico ? 



1 88 History of the United States. [184t. 

li» The last of these places was carried by assault on the 
13th of September ; and Santa Anna and his army, being 
unable to make any further resistance, fled from the city, 
during the succeeding night. The next morning, General 
Scott, at the head of the American army, made a triumphal 
entry into the city. At first they were attacked from the 
housetops by the Mexican populace, but this opposition was 
soon quieted. 

12* This event practically ended the war. On the 2d of 
February, 1848, a treaty of peace was signed, by which all 
the territory ncn-th of tlio Rio G-rande, and the provinces of 
New Mexico and California were relinquished to the United 
States. On the part of the latter, it was agreed that the sum 
of fifteen millions of dollars should be paid for the territory 
acquired, and that debts due from Mexico to American citi- 
zens, to the amount of three millions of dollars, should be 
assumed. Peace was proclaimed by President Polk on tlie 
4th of July, 1848.* 

IS. New States — Iowa, the twen- 
ty-ninth state, was admitted into the 
Union in 1846. It originally formed 
a part of the Louisiana purchase,! 
and had been successively a part, of 
Missouri, Michigan, and Wisconsin 
territories, until it was organized as 
Seal of Iowa. «- separate territory, in 1838. Iowa 

* The treaty was made by commissioners who met at Guadalupe Hidalgo, 
a small town about four miles from the City of Mexico ; but the boundary 
between the two countries soon became a subject of dispute, which was not 
settled till 1853, when the United States purchased the MesiUa Vallei/, or, as 
it was called, the Gadsden Purchase, for ten millions of dollars, General 
Gadsden having been the agent employed by the United States in transact- 
ing the affiiir. 

f A trading-post was established in 1810 by a Frenchman named Du- 
buque, on the sire of the town afterwards named after him. The first per- 
manent settlement of Iowa was made at Burlington in 1833. 




11. When did he enter the city ? 12. What was the effect of this ? On what 
terms was peace made? 13. What state was admitted in 1846? What in 1848? 
What is said of the previous history of Iowa ? Of Wisconsin ? 



1848.] 



Polk's Administration, 



189 




Seal of Wisconsin. 



Territory at that time comprehended nearly all of Minnesota ; 
but was reduced to its present limits when admitted as a 
state. Wisconsin was admitted in 
1848. This had been previously a 
jjart of Illinois Territory and of Mich- 
igan Territory. 

14i, Discovery of Gold in Cali- 
fornia* — The most important event 
during tlie latter part of Polk's ad- 
ministration was the discovery of gold 
in California. When the news reached 
tlie Atlantic states, the excitement 
became intense and wide-spread. Thousands, regardless of 
peril or hardship, flocked to the gold regions, some daring 
the deadly climate of the isthmus, which they had to cross by 
the shorter route, or taking the more 
tedious voyage around Cape Horn. 
San Francisco,* which had been a 
small quiet port, frequented by wdial- 
ers or small fishing vessels, became in 
a few months an emporium, in the 
harbor of which might be seen ships 
from every quarter of the globe. 

15, Growth of California, — Elec- 
tion of Taylor, — From nearly every 




SEAii OF California. 



* Before 1779, eight establishments, inissionary and military, were formed 
by the Spaniards on the Pacific coast of North America, the most soutliern 
being San Diego, the most northern, San Francisco ; and during the live 
years preceding that date, three exploring voyages were made by order of 
the Spanish government, in which the coast was examined as far north as 
the sixtieth parallel. {See par/p 29, note.) By the year 1800, as many as six- 
teen Spanish missions had been esta'blished in various parts of Upper Cali- 
fornia. Here the Indians Av?re gathered, and the Catholic missionaries 
taught ihem the arts of civilized life, and imparted to them the truths of 
Christianity. After Mexico had become independent, the mission lands, 
comprising several million acres, were occupied by the Mexican government, 
and the missions were gradually abandoned. 



14. Of the discovery of trold in California ? Where is San Francisco ? (Map, p. 
190.) Cape Horn ? (Map of South America.) 



190 



History of the United States, [I849. 



part of the world, emigrants rushed with eagerness to the 
''gold diggings/' and the population of the territory increased 
with wonderful rapidity. Within two years, that of the city 
of San Francisco numbered twenty thousand, consisting of 
people of all nations. It was during the excitement of the 
" gold fever " that President Polk's term of office expired. 
His successor was Zachary Taylor,* the most popular hero of 
the Mexican War, who was inaugurated on the 5th of March, 
1849, the 4th being Sunday. 

IG, Taylor^ s Adfuiniiitration. — In September, 1849, 
there was a sufficient number of settlers in California to 

form a state ; and a constitu- 
tion having been agreed upon, 
application Avas made to Con- 
gress to admit it. This led to 
another violent agitation of the 
"slavery question," for the con- 
stitution of the new state pro- 
hibited slavery. Before the de- 
cision of the question. President 
Taylor died (July 9th, 1850), 
and was succeeded by the Vice- 
president, Millard Fillmore,! of 

Zachaey Taylor. NeW York. 

* Zachary Taylor was a Virginian, born in 1784. He entered the army 
as lieutenant when about twenty-four years of age, and rapidly obiained 
promotion, serving in the War of 1812 and the Black Hawk War. His 
victory over the Seniinoles, in 1837, gave him considerable distinction ; but 
it was in the Mexican war that he won his greatest laurels as a soldier; and, 
by his simplicity, directness, and indomitable daring, acquired the popular 
favor. His soldiers used to call him " Old Rough and Ready." His laconic 
expressions at Buena Vista, " General Taylor never surrenders ! " and, "A 
little more grape, Captain Bragg," were often quoted during the presidential 
campaign which resulted in his election. 

t Millard Fillmore was born in Cayuga Co., N. Y., in 1800. He was a 
member of the State legislature for several years, and in 1832 was elected a 
representative in Congress. He died in 1873. 

15. Describe the rush to the " ^old digging;*." What is said of the growth of San 
Francisco ? Who succeeded James K. Polk a;* President ? 16. What led to another 
agitation of the slavery question ? Why? When did President Taylor die ? Wlio 
succeeded him? 




i 



1850.] 



Fillmore s Administration. 



19 




17. FUlmove^s Administration, — Other questions be- 
sides the admission of CciUfornia had been introduced into 
Congress, and were under discus- 
sion at this time. This caused a 
bitter and violent controversy 
between the opposing parties, 
which appeared to menace the 
safety of the Union. The great 
orator and statesman, Henry 
Clay,* by his fervid eloquence, 
did much to allay this strife ; 
and finally a compromise was 
effected, by which California was 
admitted as a free state (1850). mh^lard Fillmore. 

18, The Compromise of 
1850, — At the same time New 
Mexico and Utah were organ- 
ized as territories ; the slave- 
trade was abolished in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, and the 
" Fugitive Slave Law " was 
passed, providing for the return 
to their owners of slaves es- 
caping to a free State. Daniel 
Webster, f a member of the 
United States Senate, contrib- 
daniel \\i i^iii . uted his aid in effecting this 

* Henry Clay was bovn in Virginia in 1777. He served in Congress first 
as a representative of Ken luck v, afterwards as Speaker for several years, 
and then as senator. He wms* one of the commissioners that signed the 
Treaty of Ghent in 1814. He died in Washington in 1852. 

t Daniel Webster was born in New Ham]ishire in 1782. The principal 
part of his life was passed at Washington, where he served as a member of 
Congress or of* the Cabinet. He was Secretary of Stute nnder Tyler, and 
negotiated a treaty with Lord Ashhurton, settling the dispute het\yeen the 
United States and Great Britain in relation to the boundary of Maine. He 

17. What led to a bitter partisan opposition ? How was a compromise effected? 
18. What waf! the compromise? What wis the "Fugitive Slave Law? " How was 
it viewed at the North ? Who aided in eflecting a compromise ? 




192 



Histdry of the United States. [is 5 3. 



compromise, which, although it allayed the excitement be- 
tween the two sections of the country, gave great offense to 
a large party in the North, who were opposed to all conces- 
sions to the slave power. 

19, Piercers Adininistratiou — Franklin Pierce,* of New 
Hampshire, succeeded to the presidency on the 4th of March, 

1853. The next year, the agi- 
tation of the '' slavery ques- 
tion " was again revived by the 
passage of a law by Congress 
organizing the territories of 
Kansas and Nebraska. This 
law repealed the Missouri Com- 
promise, and substituted for it 
what was called by some " Squat- 
ter Sovereignty ; " that is, the 
right of the people in each ter- 
ritory to decide whether they 
would have slaves or not. This 
measure again produced an intense excitement at the North, f 

20, Civil War in Kansas. — But it did not turn out as 
the friends of slavery had expected. The slave states exerted 
themselves to the utmost to send settlers to the new territory 
of Kansas ; but those from the free states were the most 
numerous. Civil war ensued ; for the border ruffians of 
Missouri, and others in favor of slavery, would not submit to 
be outvoted, and the peaceful citizens were resolved to defend 

was greatly distinguished for his eloquence, statesmanship, and knowledge 
of constitutional law. The latter entitles him to the name which he received 
of " Ex])ounder of the Constitution." He died in 1852. 

* Franklin Pierce was born in New Hampshire in 1804. He was a brig- 
adier-general in Scott's army in the Mexican war, and took part in the 
battles preceding the taking of the City of Mexico. He died in 1869. 

f This year, 1854, is noted for Commodore Perry's expedition to Japan, 
which resulted in partly opening that country, closed so long against the 
world, to American commerce. 

19. Who Piicceeded Fillmore? What caused a further agitation of the slavery 
question ? What was meant by " Squatter Sovt-reiguty ? " gO. What caused civil 
war in Kansas ? 




Franklin Pierce. 



1856.] 



Buchanan s Adm inistration. 



193 



their rights. This state of things for a considerable time 
rendered Kansas a scene of lawlessness and bloodshed. 

21, Organization of tlie Republican Party, A new 

political party, styled the Republican Party, arose, organized 
in the support of the "free soil" principle, that is, of not 
permitting any extension of slavery into free territory. This 
party, in 1856, nominated for the presidency John 0. Fre- 
mont, noted for his connection with the invasion and con- 
quest of California during the Mexican War. 

22, Election of Buchanan — The Democratic Party, in- 
cluding nearly all the people of the South, {is well as a large 
portion of those of the North, 
Avho were anxious to apj^ease 
the discontent of the former 
by every possible constitutional, 
measure, succeeded in electing 
their candidate, James Buchan- 
an, of Pennsylvania, who was 
accordingly inaugurated on the 
4th of March, 1857. 

23, Bachanan^s Adminis- 
tration, — Brown's Raid, — 
The agitation of the slavery 
question was continued ; and 
" John Brown's Raid," in 1859, still further increased the 
bitterness of feeling between the two sections. Brown,* who 

* John Broion was the descendant of a Puritan family, and at an early 
age imbibed a bitter hostility to the institution of slavery. After the 
passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he went with his six sons to Kansas, 
to aid in the settlement of the territory. With such boldness and deter- 
mination did he oppose the violence of the pro-slavery party there, that 
his name become a terror to them. He was styled " Osawatomie Brown," 
because at that place he encountered, with a mere handful of men, a force 
of nearly five hundred Missourians, and after killing thirty-five of their 
number, made good his retreat. Just previous to this, one of his sons had 
been shot dead by a border ruffian. 

21. What new political party arose ? On what principle was it or<ranized ? Whom 
did it norninate for the presidency? 22. Who was elected ? By what party ? 23. 
Describe '' Brown's Raid ? " How did it result ? Where is Harper's Ferry (Map, p. 

168) ? 

9 




James Buchanan. 



194 



History of the United States. [is 59. 




Seal of Minnesota. 



was enthusiastic in his hatred of slavery, desired to set free 
as many slaves as he could ; and with this object he and 
twenty-one associates seized the ar- 
senal at Harj)ei-'s Ferry, for the pur- 
2^086 of making it a rendezvous. The 
movement, however, entirely failed. 
Those engaged in it were overjoowered 
by Virginia troops, assisted by the na- 
tional forces ; thirteen of them were 
killed, two escaped, and the rest, in- 
cluding Brown, were tried, and, under 
tlie laws of Virginia, executed."^ 
24, Election of Abt'aham Lincoln, — As Buchanan's 
term of office drew toward its close, no less than four candi- 
dates t were nominated to succeed him. Of these, Abraham 
Lincoln, J: the candidate of the Republicans, was successful; 
although the Southern leaders had threatened that, if he 
should be elected, the States of the South would secede, or 
withdraw from the Union, as they claimed the right to do. 

* The famous " Dred Scott Decision," increased the hostile feeling at the 
North against the slave power. Dred Scott and his wife were slaves, who 
had been carried by their master into Illinois, but were afterwards taken 
into Missouri. They claimed that having been carried into free territory by 
their master, they had been made free ; but Chief-Justice Taney decided 
that slave masters could, under the Constitution of the United States, take 
their slaves into any Stater without any forfeiture of their property in 
them, just as they could take their horses or cattle. This decision, it was 
asserted by the Republicans, changed slavery from a local to a national in- 
stitution ; and thev resisted it accordingly. 

f The extreme* pro-slavery party nominated John C. Breckenridge, who 
had been Vice-President under Buchanan ; the " Squatter Sovereignty" party, 
Stephen A. Douglass. These two divided the Democratic party. The 
American party nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, with the simple party 
platform, "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the 
Laws," 

^ Abraham, Lincoln was born in Kentucky in 1809. He served as captam 
in the Black Hawk War, afterwards as a member of the Illinois legislature ; 
and in 1846 he was chosen representative in Congress. His plainness and 
simplicity of address, homely wit, and incorruptible integrity, had made 
him verv popular, and caused him to be very generally called " Honest 
Old Abe." 

24. How many candidates were nominated to succeed Buchanan ? Who was 
elected ? What threat had been used by the Southern leaders ? 



I860.] 



Buchanan^ s Administration, 



195 




1857^ 

Seal of Oregon. 



25. Secession of South Carolina. — Accordingly, public 
meetings were held in South Ccirolinii, to bring about a se- 
cession of that State ; and on the 20th 
of December, 1860, an ordinance Avas 
passed by a state convention held in 
Charleston, which formally declared 
that the '^ Union now subsisting be- 
tween South Carolina and other 
States, under the name of the United 
States of America, is hereby dis- 
solved." 

26, Occupation of Fort Sumter, 
— Six days afterward, Major Anderson, commanding at Fort 
Moultrie, withdrew the garrison of eighty men from that 

fort, and removed to Fort Sumter, a 
place of greater security. This was 
considered a hostile act by the South 
Carolinians, and they at once seized 
the custom-house at Charleston, and 
other property of the general govern- 
ment, and commenced operations in 
order to compel Anderson to surrender 
the fort. 

27, Organizcdtion of the Confed- 
erate States Six other Southern States, following the lead 

of South Carolina, at the commencement of 1861 passed se- 
cession ordinances : Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, 
Louisiana, and Texas. On the 4th of February, a congress of 
delegates from these States (except Texas) met at Mont- 
gomery, and organized a new union among themselves, adopt- 
ing a constitution, and assuming the title of the '^Confeder- 
ate States of Jimerica.'' Jefferson Davis was elected by the 




Major Anderson. 



25. AVhat took place in South Carolina ? 26. Wiiat was done by Major Ander- 
son ? How was this act viewed by the Secessionists? Where is Fort Sumter 
(Map, p. 116)? 27. What other states passed secession ordinances? What Con- 
gress met •? What was done by it ? 



196 



History of the United States. [isei. 




I'ORT Sumter. 



Congress provis- 
ional President of 
the Confederticy 
for one year. 

28. Fvoceed- 
ings of the Seces- 
sionists. — The 
steamer ^SStar of 
the AVest," sent 
from New York 
with sn})plios and reinforcements for I^ort Sumter, arrived 
off Charleston, January 10th ; but being fired upon by the 
batteries erected by the Secessionists 
at Charleston, was compelled to put 
back. Forts, arsenals, navy-yards, 
custom-houses, and other property 
of the nation, were seized by state 
authority for the Confederacy. Fort 
Pickens, near Pensacola, Fort Sum- 
ter, and the 
forts at the 
southern ex- 
tremity of Ji.ni.KsoN Dams. 

Florida, were all that remained to 
the general government within the 
limits of the seceded states. Buchan- 
an, in the mean time, did nothing to 
vindicate the government.* 

29, Neiv States, — Kansas was 

* This inaction on the part of the president caused ^reat dissatisfaction 
and akrin. It was ascertained that some of the members of the Cabinet 
were either leaders in the secession movement, or abettors of it. Thus, it was 
found, that, seemingly in preparation for it, the national troops had been or- 
dered to distant parts, the navy widely scattered, and everything possible done 
to weaken the general government, and further the plans of the secessionists. 





I 



28. What attempt was made to rehiforce Fort Sumter? With what result ? What 
other proceedings by the Secessionists ? What forts remained to the United States ? 
29. What states were admitted ? 



1861.] 



Lincoln^ s Administration. 



197 



filially udmitted as a free state without 
excitement in January, 18(31. Pre- 
vious to this, under Buchanan, two 
other states were admitted : Min- 
nesota, in 1858, and Oregon,* in 
1859. At the conclusion of his term 
of office, Buchanan retired to his res- 
idence at Wheathind, near Lancas- 
ter, Pennsylvania. 




Seal of Kansas. 



CHAPTEK XIX. 

Lin^colk's Admikistratio:n^. The Great Civil AVar. 
!• The affairs of the country, when Abraham Lincoln en- 
tered upon the office of presi- 
dent, March 4th, 1861, were in 
a sadly distracted condition. 
His inauguration took place in 
the presence of a large military 
force, under the command of 
General Scott ; for a disturb- 
ance had been anticipated. The 
president's inaugural address 
was mild and conciliatory, de- 
claring, with special emphasis, 
Abraham Lincoln. that there was uo intention on 

Buchanan declared that the Constitution crave him no authority to use 
coercive measures ; and the cry, " No Coercion," became general with all 
who sympathized with the South. 

* In 1792, Captain Gray, in the ship Columbia, entered the Oregon Eiver, 
and gave it the name of his ship. In 1804 an expedition under Lewis and 
Clark explored the headwaters of the Missouri River, and descended the 
Columbia to its month. Astoria, a trading-post at its mouth, was estab- 
lished by John J. Astor in ISll. In 1848, this region was organized as a 
territory, extending, under the name of Oregon Territory, from the Rocky 
Mountains to the Pacific, and from British America to California. AVash- 
ington Territory Avas separated from it in 1863. 

Text Questions.— 1. Condition of affairs when Lincoln became president? 
What is t>aid ot the inauguration ? Of the inaugural address ? 




198 



History of the United States, 




1861.] Lincoln s Administration. 199 

the part of the administration to interfere with slavery where 
it existed ; and, further, that the general government "had 
no right to do so." * 

2, Course of the Southern Leaders This assurance, 

however, had no effect upon the Southei-n leaders. Avowing 
their duty to their states as more binding upon them than 
their obligations to the general government, they organized 
an army, and ordered General Beauregard {bo' -re-gar d) to 
reduce Fort Sumter. 

5. Taking of Fort Sumter — After a bombardment of 
thirty-four hours, the defense being necessarily feeble, as the 
garrison was small f and their ammunition scanty, Anderson 
was compelled to yield. According to the conditions, the 
garrison were allowed to march out of the fort with their 
colors and music, to salute the national flag, and return to 
home with their private property. 

4. Effect of the Surrender,— The President's Call for 
Troops, — The indignation at the North, when the news was 
flashed over the country that the national flag had been fired 
upon and the fort surrendered, was universal and intense. 
The President issued a proclamation calling for seventy-five 

* The closing paragraph of this address had a peculiar and quite affect- 
ing pathos : " I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We 
must not be enemies. Though passions may have strained, they must not 
break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching 
from every battle-field and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearth- 
stone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when 
again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." 

f There were only seventy men to defend the fort against an attacking 
force of seven thousand. Anderson's account to the Secretary of War was 
as follows : — " Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the 
quarters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed, the gorge-wall 
seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door closed 
from the effects of the heat, four barrels and three cartridges of powder only 
being available, and no provisions but pork remaining, T accepted terms of 
evacuation offered by General Beauregard, and marched out of the fort on 
Sunday afternoon, the 14th instant, with colors flying and drums beating, 
bringing away company and private property, and saluting my flag with 
fifty guns." 

2. What was the course of the Southern leaders ? 3. How was Fort Sumter 
taken? Condition of tlie surrender? 4. What was the effect of the surrender? 
President's proclamation ? How received at the North ? 



200 History of the United States. [isei. 

thousand men, which was at once compHed with by all 
the free states. Political differences were forgotten in the 
patriotic impulse to defend the national government, and 
protect the Union against those who had combined to de- 
stroy it. 

5, Attack hy the Mob at Baltimore, — It was, however, 
difficult to reach Washington, as the troops had to pass 
through Maryland, where the secession feeling was strong. 
A Massachusetts regiment, on its way to the capital, was 
attacked, April 19th, in the streets of Baltimore by a mob of 
Southern sympathizers ; and two of the soldiers were killed. 
Thus the anniversary of the battle of Lexington was signal- 
ized by the commencement of bloodshed in the Great Civil 
War. 

6, Proclamations by Davis and the President. — Two 
days after President Lincoln's call for troops, Jefferson Davis 
issued a proclamation inviting and authorizing privateers to 
prey upon the commerce of the United States. On tlie 19th 
of April, President Lincoln declared the ports of the Con- 
federate States to be in a state of blockade. 

7, Secession of other States, — Delaware alone, of the 
slave states, promptly arrayed itself on the side of the Union. 
Before June, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North 
Carolina passed secession ordinances. Virginians seized the 
armory at Harper's Ferry and the navy-yard at Norfolk, 
after a large part of the property which they contained had 
been destroyed by tlie Union officers in charge. 

8, Movements of the Union Troops. — Scarcely any of- 
fensive movements were made by the national troops previous 
to the 24th of May, when General Scott, the commander of 
the Union army, sent a force into Virginia, which occupied 

5. Why was it difficult to reacli Washington ? What attack was made at Balti- 
more? The date of this event? 6. What proclamation was issued by Davis? 
What by Lincoln ? 7. Which of the slave states obeyed the President's call for 
troops ? What other states passed ordinances of secession ? What places were 
seized ? 8. Movement by General Scott ? By General Butler ? Result of the at- 
tack on Big Bethel ? Who was killed ? What was done in West Virginia ? 



1861.] The Great Civil War. 201 

Arlington Heights and Alexandria. General Bntler also 
ordered a movement from Fortress Monroe against the Con- 
federate works at Big Bethel ; bnt the attack was repulsed 
with severe loss, Major Winthrop being among the killed. 
In AVest Virginia the Union forces, under General McClellan, 
gained several victories.* 

9, Positioti of the Confederate and Union Armies, — 
After the secession of Virginia, Richmond became the capital 
of the Confederacy ; and its army, numbering about one 
hundred thousand men, occupied a line through Virg-inia 
from Harper's Ferry to Norfolk. In the meanwhile, regi- 
ment after regiment from the Union States had poured into 
Washington, till an immense army had been collected, f The 
troops were all eager to defend the integrity of the nation ; 
but, being raw aud inexperienced. General Scott, who had 
the chief command under the President, hesitated to order 
a general advance against the enemy. 

10, Order to Advance against Richmond, — The pub- 
lic mind, however, was greatly excited, and much impatience 
was expressed that no movement was made to attack the 
Confederate forces, in order to disperse them and march 
" on to Richmond," thus ending the war. Finally, there- 
fore, about the middle of July, orders were given to General 
McDowell, with a large part of the Union forces, to attack 

* The people of the western part of Virginia refused to sanction the or- 
dinance of secession adopted by the state. It was accordingly occupied by 
Confederate troops ; but these were defeated by McClellan at Philippi, Rich 
Mountain, and Carriers Ford. Subsequently, another Confederate force 
was defeated by General Rosecrans at Carnifex Ferry. West Virginia was 
thus preserved to the Union, and afterwards became a separate State. 

f " By the end of May not less than fifty thousand men — raw and undis- 
ciplined, indeed, but mainly of the best material for soldiers — held the line 
of the Potomac, or guarded the approaches to the capital. And still, from 
every side, the people of the loyal States were urging more regiments upon the 
Government, and begging permission to swell the ranks of the Union armies." 
Greeley's American Conflict. 

9. What was the capital of the Confederacy ? Position of the Confederate army ? 
Troops in Washington ? Their character? 10. Demand of the Nortliern people? 
What movement was ordered ? 

9* 



J^kiM^ 




204 



History of the United States. [isei. 



the Confederates, under the command of Beauregard, at 
Manassas Junction. 

11, Battle of Bull Htm, — On the 21st was fought the 
battle of Bull Run, a desperate conflict, in which more than 
forty thousand men were engaged. The advantage, at first, 
was upon the side of the Union army ; but the Confederates, 
hehig largely reinforced, at last prevailed ; and the national 
troops, exhausted and panic-stricken, fled in disorder toward 
Washington. 

12, McClellan placed in Coimnand. — This great defeat 




General McClellan. 



at first disheartened the Northern people ; but their de- 
termination and courage soon revived. 
Congress voted to raise more money and 
men. The aged Scott retired from the 
command of the army, which was con- 
ferred on General McClellan, who had 
distinguished himself so highly in West 
Virginia. The fortifications around 
Washington were strengthened so as to 
protect the capital from sudden capture. 
13, The War in Missouri — The 
efforts of the Secessionists to take Mis- 
souri out of the Union were frustrated, mainly through the 
prompt action of General Lyon, aided by Colonel Sigel {se'-gel). 
The former was slain in an unsuccessful attack upon the 
Confederates at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield (August 10). 
General Fremont, commanding the Western Department, 
drove the Confederate army, under Price, southward as far 
as Springfield ; but he was superseded by the authorities at 
Washington, and the command given, at first, to General 
Hunter, and afterward to General Halleck. 

14, Operations of the Union Kary. — Meantime, the 
Union navy had been increased from less than fifty vessels to 

11. What battle was fought on the 'ilst of July? Its result ? 12. What events 
followed it? 13. How were the Secessionists foiled in Mis^sonri ? Where was 
Lyon slain ? What was done by Fremont ? Who afterward took the command ? 



1861.1 The Great Civil War, 2o5 

more than two hundred, a large number of which were re- 
quired to blockade the Southern ports. Two important ex- 
peditions were sent to the South in the summer and fall of 
18G1. The former, under Commodore Stringham {strlng'- 
am), aided by a military force under General Butler, cap- 
tured the forts at Hatteras Inlet, Kortli Carolina ; the latter, 
under Commodore Dupont' and Ceneral Sherman, took the 
forts at Port Royal entrance, South Carolina.* 

15, Seizure of Mason and Slidell, — About the same 
time. Captain Wilkes, commanding the United States frigate 
San Jacinto {ja-sin'-to), took from the English steamer 
Trent the Confederate Commissioners Mason and Slidell, who 
were on their way to Europe to obtain a recognition of the 
Confederacy by foreign powers. This seizure being contrary 
to the rights of neutral vessels, the Commissioners on the 
demand of the British government were given up. f 

16. Confederate Privateers. — The Confederates fitted 
out a number of privateers, of which one of the most success- 
ful was the steamer Sumter, under Captain Semmes {semz). 
This vessel succeeded in running the blockade at Ncav 
Orleans in June. After capturing a number of vessels, she 
crossed the Atlantic, and entered the Bay of Gibraltar, where 
she was overtaken by a United States gunboat. Not being 
able to escape, she was sold. Semmes and her crew then 
went to England and obtained a faster vessel, which, under 

* Blockade-running: was extensively carried on by British vessels, w^hich 
made Nassau and the Bermuda Islands places of refuge and shelter. The 
profits of this business were immense, notwithstanding- the frequent capture 
of the vessels ; for the war had made the products of the South — cotton, 
tobacco, etc. — very dear in Europe, and there was a great demand for Euro- 
pean products in that section. 

t A feeling of indignation existed in the North against Great Britain for 
having, in May, 1861, recognized the Confederacy as a belligerent power, 
setting an example wliich France and other European powers soon followed. 
The prompt surrender, however, of these Commissioners, was an act of pru- 
dence ; for, had war ensued with Great Britain, it would have greatly aided 
the secession cause. 

14. Do8cribe the operations of the Union navy '< 15. What was done by Captain 
Wiliief! ? Why were the Commissioners given up ? 16. What is said of the priva- 
teer Sumter ? What other vessel did Semmes obtain ? 



2o6 



History of the United States. [I862. 




Admibal Foote. 



tlio name of the Alabama, afterward became famous for its 
capture and destruction of American ships.* 

17. Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, — In Feb- 
ruary, 1862, Commodore (afterward Admiral) Foote, com- 
manding a fleet of gun- 
boats, sailed up the Tennes- 
see, and took Fort Henry. 
A few days later, General 
Grant, f with the aid of 
Foote's gunboats, captured 
Fort Donelson, on the Cum- 
berland Eiver, taking about 
ten thousand prisoners. 
The taking of these forts 
caused the evacuation of 
Columbus, on the Missis- 
sippi, and of Nashville, the 
capital of Tennessee.]; 

18, Capture of Confederate Posts on the Mississippi.-^ 
Foote, with his gun])oats, descended the Mississippi, and with 
the aid of General Pope, captured Island No. 10, one of the 
strongest of the Confederate posts. Memphis was taken a 
short time after the Confederate fleet of gunboats having 
been defeated and partly destroyed. The successes of the 

* This vessel was finally, in June, 1864, met by the United States frigate 
Kearsarge (ke -ar-sarge) , Captain Winslow, and, after a short contest, was 
sunk, 

t General Ulysses S. Grant, a graduate of West Point, had served in the 
Mexican War ; but at the commencement of the civil war was concerned in 
a tannery in Galena, Illinois. He was placed in command of the Union 
forces at Cairo; and on November lOth, 1861, attacked and destroyed the 
Confederate camp at Belmont. 

t Generals Floyd and Pillow, Avhen they found that Fort Donelson 
could no longer be held, fled up the river in a steamboat. When General 
Buckner, the next morning, asked Grant for an armistice to arrange a capit- 
ulation, the latter replied : " No terms but unconditional surrender can be ac- 
cepted. I propose to move immediately upon your works." This led to 
the title U(nconditional S(urrender) Grant. 

17. How were Forts Hem-y and Donelson taken? What was the result? 18. 
What successes on the Mississippi. 



1862.] 



The Great Civil War. 



207 



Union fleet were stopped at Vicksburg, Avhich was Yciy 
strongly fortified. 

19, Battle of Pittsburg Landing, — General Grant, after 
the victory at Fort Donelson, proceeded up the Tennessee as 
far as Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing, where, on the 6th of 
April, lie was attacked by a large force under General A. S. 
Johnston. The Union troops were driven to the river, and 
saved from destruction only by the gunboats ; but Johnston 
Avas killed. Tlie next day, reinforcements having arrived, the 
Confederates, commanded by Beauregard, were driven from 
their position, and retreated southward. General Halleck ar- 
rived soon after, and took command of Grant's victorious army. 

20, Taking of New Orleans — In Louisiana the Union 
cause met with a success of great importance. This was the 
capture of New Orleans, on the 25th 
of April. The Union fleet, command- 
ed by Farragut and Porter, ascended 
the Mississippi in defiance of the forts, 
wdiich they bombarded and passed.* 
After reaching the city. General But- 
ler took formal possession of it, and 
placed it under martial law. 

21, Nai^al Operations on the At- 
lantic Coast, — Important successes, 
meauAvhile, attended the efforts of the 
Unionists on the Atlantic coast. A Reak-admikal farkagut. 




* Two strong forts, Jackson and St. Philip, built by the United States, 
were held by the Confederates. These were situated on opposite sides of 
the river, about seventy-five miles below the city. An immense chain had 
also been stretched across the river under the guns of the fort, which was 
guarded also by a strong fleet, including a large iron-clad steamer, and a 
formidable steam ram, called the Manassas. All these obstacles were over- 
come with the greatest skill and gallantry. Vessels were sent under cover 
of a dark night to cut the chain ; the Union vessels engaged and destroyed the 
Confederate fleet, and pushed on to New Orleans. The Confederate troops, 
after destroying vast quantities of supplies, cotton, etc., abandoned the city. 

19. Give an account of the battle of Pittsburg Landing. Who took the command ? 
20. Give au account of the taking of New Orleans ? What general took possession 
of it ? 21. What uaval operations on the Atlantic coast ? 



208 



History of the United States. [I862. 



DES MOINES® 




r 



Map Questions.— Where is Port Hudson ? Baton Ronge ? Natchez ? Vicks- 
buiK'^ Memphis? Fort Pillow? Island No. 10? Padncah ? Bowling Green? 
FortDonelsou? Fort Henry ? Arkansas Post ? Shreveport ? Pea Ridge ? Spring- 
field? Corinth? New Orleans? Port Gibson ? Huntsville ? 



1862.] 



The Great Civil War, 



209 



land and naval expedition, under General Burnside and Com- 
modore Goldsboroiigh, took Roanoke Island, February 8tli. 
This success was followed by the destruction of a Confederate 
flotilla at Elizabeth City, and the capture of that place. 
Burnside also gained a victory at Newbern ; and an expedi- 
tion, fitted out at Port Eoyal, took Fort Pulaski. 




Fight between the Mebrimac and the Monitok. 

22, Attack of the Merrimac — The Merrimac,* one of 
the vessels which had been sunk at Norfolk by the Union com- 
mander there, w^hen the place was taken by the Confederates, 
was subsequently raised, cut down almost to the water's edge, 
and covered with a thick plating of iron. A new name was then 
given to her — the Virginia. This vessel, on the 8th of March, 
steamed out from Norfolk and destroyed the Federal ships of 

* This was one of the finest vessels of the American navy. She was 
nearlv three hundred feet long-, and more than fifty feet wide. As altered 
by the Confederates, she became a vast floating iron-clad battery, impen- 
etrable by any guns then in use. 

22. Give an account of the attack of the Merrimac ? 



2IO History of the United States, [I862. 

war Cumberland and Congress, which, unprepared for an en- 
counter wdth such a yessel, could make no effectual resistance. 
23 n Fight between the Merriniac and the Monitor'.— 

Only the coming on of night had prevented the destruction 
of the other national yessels, and it was anticipated that on 
the next day the iron-clad monster would complete her work. 
During the night, however, a newly-invented floating bat- 
tery, called the Monitor,* arrived from 'New York. This 
vessel was commanded by Lieutenant Worden. When, there- 
fore, the Merrimac steamed out the next day, she met with a 
very different reception. Iron-clad against iron-clad, the 
battle raged long and fiercely ; but at last the Merrimac, 
being too much disal^led to continue the fight, retreated to 
Norfolk. The Monitor was only slightly damaged, and no 
one on board was seriously injured except her brave com- 
mander, f 

24, Movement of 3IcClellan against Richmond, — In 
the mean time, a vast army had been collected near Wash- 
ington under McClellan, the object of which was to take the. 
Confederate capital, Richmond. Early in March, 1862, an 
advance was ordered ; and McClellan embarked his troops 
for Fortress Monroe, whence, April 4th, he commenced his 
march up the peninsula between the York and James Rivers. 

* This vessel was designed and built at New York hy Captain Ericsson. 
She was about one hundred and seventy feet \on^, and as, owing to the 
great weight of iron on her surface, she projected but slightly above the 
water, she looked like a raft bearing a round turret about twenty feet in 
diameter and nine feet high. " A cheese-box on a raft ! ". was the exclama- 
tion of some who first saw her. She was covered with nine-inch plates of 
iron, and her turret bore two heavy guns of eleven-inch bore. She was 
worked by a steam-engine entirely protected from the enemy's shot. 

f As he was looking out of the pilot-house in order to direct the move- 
ments of the vessel, by the striking of a cannon-ball some cement was driven 
into his face with such force, that for a time he was blinded, and one of his 
eyes was entirely destroyed. When the plan of the Monitor was proposed, 
it met with derision from the officials ; but this remarkable and timely vic- 
tory made this kind of vessel very popular. Several others were subse- 
quently built, and did most important service. 



23, Of the fight between the Merrimac and the Monitor. S4. What movement 
was made by McClellan ? 



1862.] 



The Great Civil Wai\ 2 1 1 



2iy, Battle of WilUanishuvg , — Taking of Norfolk — 

Compelling the Southern troops to retreat from Yorktown, 
after a month's siege, McClellan gained a victory at Williams- 
burg, May 5th ; and then pushed on to within seven miles of 
Richmond. Meanwhile, General AYool, proceeding from 
Fortress Monroe, took possession of Norfolk, in consequence 
of which the Confederates destroyed their famous iron-clad, 
the Merrimac, or Virginia. 

26, Battle of Fair Oaks, — At Fair Oaks, McClellan's 
army was attacked on the 31st of May, and a l^loody but in- 
decisive battle ensued, lasting nearly 
tAVO days. General Joseph E. Johns- 
ton, the Confederate general-in- 
chief , having been severely wounded, 
Avas relieved from duty, and General 
Robert E. Lee appointed to the com- 
mand. General T. J. (Stonewall) 
Jackson,* having defeated or eluded 
the Union armies in the Shenandoah 
A'alley, joined .Lee, and by a rapid 
movement threatened the communi- 

<> HIT n^ ^^ ? Jackson (Stonewall). 

cations of McClellan's army. 

27. Tlie Seven Days' Battles — Believing that the forces 
at his disposal were not sufficient to protect his lines, McClel- 
lan transferred his base of operations to the James River. 
While effecting this movement, he was attacked by the Con- 
federates, and a series of destructive battles ensued, which 
continued during seven days (June 2 5- July 1). In the last 
of these engagements at Malvern Hill, Lee was repulsed, and 
McClellan was thus enabled to retire to Harrison's Landing, 




* " The appellation Stonewall owed its origin to a remark of General 
Bee just before he fell at the battle of Manassas, on the 21st of July, 1861. 
While rallying his men, he said, ' There is Jackson, standmg like a stone 
wall.' " 

25. What battle was fought on the Peninsula? VVhat city J}'^^ ^f^^", • ^,?6. 
What battle was fought on the 31st of May ? What followed ? 27. What battles 
were fought in June and July ? The result ? 



212 History of the United States. [I862. 

on the James Eiver. The Peninsular campaign thus proved 
a failure. 

28. The Army of Virginia, — An army was then organ- 
ized hy the President, called the army of Virginia, and Gen- 
eral Pope was called from the West to take command of it. 
The remnant of McClellan's army was recalled to join this 
army under its new commander, who proposed to march on 
Richmond by a new route. 

29. Secofid Battle of Bull Bun, — Relieved from the task 
of defending their capital against McClellan's troops, the Con- 
federates now moved toward Washington. Jackson, com- 
manding the advance, attacked the force under General 
Banks at Cedar Mountain, and compelled its retreat. The 
main army, under Pope, met with a disastrous defeat at 
Bull Run ; and Lee, taking advantage of his victory, crossed 
the Potomac into Maryland. 

30. Battles of South Motintain and Antietam, — Mean- 
while, McClellan had been recalled from the James, and had 
again been intrusted with the command of the army. Ho 
checked Lee's invading army at South Mountain (September 
14th), and a few days afterward defeated Lee in the great 
battle of Antietam {an-te'-tam),'SiiiQv which the Confederates 
retreated across the Potomac into Virginia. But McClellan, 
with his customary delay, remained in Maryland till Octo- 
ber ; and the President, dissatisfied at his inaction, appointed 
General Burnside in his stead. 

31. Battle of Frederichshurg. — Under its new com- 
mander, the army advanced to Fredericksburg, which was 
taken ; but in an attempt to storm the Confederate works, 
on the other side of the river ; the Union forces were re- 
pulsed with terrible slaughter (December 13). This put a 
stop, for a time, to all attempts to take Richmond. 

28. What army was organized ? Who was appointed to the command ? 29. Give 
an acconnt of the second battle of Bull Run. Its result ? 30. What battles were 
fought in Maryland? Their result? Who was appointed to succeed McClellan? 
31. Give an account of the battle of Fredericksburg. 



1863.] The Great Civil War. 213 

32, battle of Murfreeshoro\ — While Lee was invading 
Maryland, a large Confederate force, under General Bragg, 
advanced into Kentucky, with the design of making it a 
Confederate State, as many of its inhabitants desired. On 
the 31st of December, General Rosecrans,* with a large 
army, met the Confederates at Stone River, near Murfrees- 
boro'. The battle lasted during the day without any decided 
result ; and on the 2d of January it was resumed by Bragg, 
but he was signally defeated, and compelled to retreat. 

S3, Battle of Chancellor sville, — Burnside having, at his 
own request, been relieved of the command of the Army of 
the Potomac, General Hooker f was appointed in his place. 
The army, being thoroughly reinforced and put in excellent 
condition, advanced in April, and crossed the Rappahannock. 
At Chancellorsville, it encountered the Confederate army, 
under Lee, and after a terrific battle, was defeated with 
heavy loss (May 2d and 3d). J Hooker, finding his advance 
effectually checked, recrossed the river. 

34:. Invasion of the JSorth by Lee, — Lee, encouraged by 
his success, now began a movement northward, and invaded 
Maryland and Pennsylvania. The minds of the Northern 
people, were greatly alarmed, for a large and splendid army 
had just been driven back, seeming to be powerless to 
repel the invaders. Hooker Avas removed, and General 
Meade appointed to the command. Mihtia forces were hur- 

* General Rosecrans had just won a victory at Corinth in Mississippi, 
where, with a considerablv inferior force he repulsed an attack by Generals 
Van Dorn and Price with an army of nearly forty thousand men. Corinth, 
after the battle of Shiloh, became a Union post, and large stores had been 
collected there. 

t General Joseph Hooker had gained a splendid reputation for courage 
and skill in the previous campaign of the army of the Potomac. Hence the 
name sometimes applied to him of " Fighting Joe." 

X The Confederates, at this time, lost one of their ablest generals— Stone- 
wall Jackson— who was wounded during a night attack, it is said by the. fire 
of his own men, mistaking his party for a corps of the enemy. He was 
wounded on the 2d of May, and died on the lOth. 

32. Of the battle of Murfrec-boro'. 33. Of the battle of Chancellorsville. 
34. What movemeut did Lee undertake ? Its effect at the North ? What was done ? 



214 



History of the United States. [ises. 




General Lee. 



ried to the seat of war, for the Confederate general, it was 
said, had scornfully boasted that he would water his horses 

at the Delaware and the Hudson, 
and dictate terms of peace at 
Philadelphia or New York. 

35, Battle of Gettysburg,— 
The Union forces finally made a 
stand at Gettysburg, a place well 
selected for defense ; and on the 
1st, 2d, and 3d of July, one of 
the most terrific battles of the 
war was fought. Day after day, 
Lee advanced his veterans 
against the lines of the Union- 
ists ; but all in vain, and at last, 
after losing a third of his grand 
army, he was compelled to re- 
This was pro])ably the most imj^ortant and decisive 
engagement of the war.* 

36, 02}ening of the Mississippi. — It was the chief ob- 
ject of General Grant, who commanded the national forces 
in the Southwest, to open the Mississippi, which was effect- 
ually closed by the fortifications of Vicksburg, and, further 
south, by those of Port Hudson. By a series of skillful 
movements. Grant seized a position suitable for operations, 
and defeated in the open field the Confederate generals Pem- 
berton and Johnston, finally shutting up Pemberton and his 
army within the intrenchments of Vicksburg, which, after a 
long siege, surrendered on the 4th of July, 1863. f The 

* " The Federal loss was about twenty thousand ; that of the Confed- 
erates was, in killed, wounded, and missing, not less than thirty thousand, a 
loss which they were ill able to repair." — A. H. Stephens. Meade reported 
his loss in killed, wounded, and missing, at twenty-three thousand, one 
hundred and eighty-six. 

f The Confederates lost, by this surrender, two hundred guns and an 

35. Describe the battle of Gettysburg. Wh.at was its resixlt? 36. Wlierc was 
the Mississippi closed ? How was Vicksburg taken ? When? Port Hudson ? The 
effect ? 



treat. 



1863.] The Great Civil War, 2i5 

Confederates, on learning the fate of Vicksburg, also surren- 
dered Port Hudson* (July 9tli), and thus the Mississippi was 
opened, and. the Confederacy cut in twain. 

57. Battle of CMcUannauga, — After the battle of Mur- 
freesboro', the forces of Rosecrans and Bragg remained in- 
active till June. Then Rosecrans advanced, compelled Bragg 
to retreat, and, by threatening his communications, forced 
him (September 8) to evacuate Chattanooga. Meanwhile, 
Lee, having reached a secure position on the Rapidan, in Vir- 
ginia, hurried reinforcements to Bragg, and thus enabled 
him to turn on his pursuers. The two armies met near 
Chickamauga Creek, and a battle of 
two days ensued (September 19 and 
20), the result of which was, that the 
Federal army was partially routed, 

being only saved from destruction by ^Jf^HMK^"^*^ 

the determined heroism of General 
Thomas, f 

38, Battle of Chattanooga, — 
Driven behind the intrenchments 
of Chattanooga, with the Confeder- ^^^^^^^ '^^°^^^- 

ates holding the surrounding hills, and cut off from escape, 
the position of the Union forces was critical indeed. Re- 
inforcements under Hooker were rushed by rail to their aid, 

army of thirty thousand men, who were released on parole. Lee's invasion 
of Maryland and Pennsylvania was partly intended to relieve this place by 
drawing off some of the' besieging force; but Grant held on with his char- 
acteristic tenacity, till he had accomplished his object. Scarcely ever have 
the inhabitants of a besieged city suffered more dreadful hardships than did 
the wretched people of Vicksburg during the relentless bombardment to 
which it was subjected, compelled to burrow in cellars and caves, to escape 
the fury of the iron storm, which, day after day, poured upon them. The 
garrison, too, suffered terribly from the Union sharp-shooters. A hat held 
above the works was pierced almost instantly with fifteen rifle-balls. 

* It had been besieged for several months by Banks, and the surrender 
was made to that general. 

f It was here that this heroic general won the title which was afterwards 
conferred upon him — the " Rock of Chickamauga." 

37. Wliat led to the battle of Chickamauga ? Its result "i 38. The battle of Chat- 
tanooga ? 




2i6 History of the United States. [ises. 

jind Grant assumed the command. The battle of Chat- 
tanooga soon followed, and after three days' desperate fight- 
ing, Bragg was driven into Georgia (November 25).* 

S9, About the same time the Confederate forces under 
Longstreet were repulsed by Burnside, at KnoxAdlle. A bold 
raid was made into Indiana and Ohio by the partisan ranger 
Morgan ; but he was pursued day and night foi- a distance of 
nearly seven hundi-ed miles, and his band were killed, cap- 
tured, or scattered. Morgan himself was taken prisoner. 

40, Draft Miot in New York, — In order to obtain the 
necessary recruits for the army, the President having called 
for three hundred thousand more men, it was found requisite 
to resort to a draft. This excited great opposition ; and, in 
New York, a riot broke out on the 13th of July, which lasted 
four days, and was only i^ut down by the most determined 
efforts of the police and the military. Many buildings were 
sacked and burned, and a large number of persons killed. 
The colored population of the city, being an object of partic- 
ular hatred to the rioters, suffered severely. 

41, Admission of West Virginia, — Tlie j^eople in the 
western counties of Virginia were, 
from the beginning of the war, en- 
tirely 023posed to secession. They 
refused, therefore, to obey the ordi- 
nance passed by the State legislature, 
and took early measures to effect a sep- 
aration from the old State, and obtain 
admission as a State into the Union. 

Seal of West vikginia. This was accomplished in 1863, the 
State being admitted under the name of West Virginia. 

* The attack on the Confederate army on Missionary Ridge and Lookout 
Mountain was one of the bravest exploits of the war. The Union soldiers 
marched up the ascent, storming ridge after ridge, and entrenching them- 
selves at every point gained, till they had reached the heights above Chat- 
tanooga. Bragg's army was completely routed ; and he was soon after 
relieved of his command, being succeeded by General Joseph E. Johnston. 

39. Other operations ? Give an account of Morgan's raid ? 40. Describe the 
draft riot in New York. 41. What State was admitted in 1863 ? 




1863.] 



The Great Civil War. 



217 



4:2» Mearrangefnent of the Army, — All eyes were now 
turned on Grant, as the best and most successful of tlie Union 
generals ; and the President conferred on him the command 
of all the forces of th6 United States, under the title of Lieu- 
tenant-General. * Sherman assumed the command of the 
army at Chattanooga, while Meade, under Grant, commanded 
the Army of the Potomac. Both these armies were to act in 
concert, moving at the same time, the one against Atlanta,! 
and the other against Eichmond. 



. - .-}=r-=^ 


^--.^ 


^=^ 








~=- 




- V, ^^= 




,"■ 1 ' >J^ 




\x ^. 


,.V. 


c«^^ 






43, Med River Exi)€dition, 

— About the same time, an 
expedition against Shreveport, 
Louisiana, under the command 

""" An act of Cdiio-ress was passed in February, 1864, providin.o- for theap- 
pointment of a Lieutenant-General to command all tlie armies of the Union, 
an honor which had never previously been conferred on any other than 
Washinijton and Scott. President Lincoln immediately nominated General 
Grant for the office, and the nomination was confirmed on the 3d of March. 

f Atlanta was a j?reat railroad center, and had immense magazines, work- 
shops, and stores, all of the greatest importance to the Confederate govern- 
ment. Hence this city became one of the chief objective points of the war at 
this time. 



42. What cluiuge in the army commanders ? 

10 



What were the objective points 



2i8 History of the United States. [ises. 

of General Banks, aided by Porter's fleet, met with a series 
of disasters, which caused its entire failure. The vessels, in 
consequence of a fall in the Red River, were saved from cap- 
ture and destruction only by the construction of a dam across 
the river, by means of which the boats were enabled to go 
over the falls.* The loss of men and material, occasioned by 
this failure, was very great (March and April). 

44. Massacre at Fort Pilloiv, — The absence of troops 
to aid Banks in the Red River expedition, induced the Con- 
federates, under General Forrest, to make a raid into the west- 
ern part of Tennessee and Kentucky. Union City was cap- 
tured. An attack upon Fort Pillow (April 12th) was bravely 
resisted ; but, at last, the place was carried by .assault, and 
three hundred of its defenders, mostly colored troops, were 
massacred. 

4:5, Capture of Atlanta, — Sllerman moved against John- 
ston in May, and by outflanking him with his larger force, 
drove him from one position after another, till, in July, he 
had nearly reached Atlanta. Tlie Confederate government 
becoming dissatisfied with Johnston's continual retreats, then 
put General Hood in command. This general, however, met 
with still greater disaster. His determined assaults upon the 
Union army were repulsed with heavy loss ; and, at last, when 
Sherman began to surround Atlanta, and had ^gain defeated 
a large division of his army, he abandoned the city (Sept. 2). 

* In less than nine days a clam of timber and stone was constructed across 
the river, a little below the falls. The width of the river at that point was 
758 feet, its depth 4 to 6 feet, and the rapidity of the current 10 miles an 
hour. By the dam, the depth was increased over 5 feet, making the stream 
passable for the largest vessels. It was a ])erilous descent, however. The 
first gunboat that tried it " took the chute without a balk, and then rushed 
like an arrow through the narrow aperture in the lower dam ; pitched down 
the roaring torrent ; hung for a moment on the rocks below ; and was then 
swept on into deep water." All passed with but little damage, and the loss 
of but one man, who was swept overboard. This device was suggested by 
Colonel Bailey, formerly a Wisconsin lumbei'man. 

44. What raid was made? What massacre occurred? 45. How did Sherman 
reach Atlanta? Who was appointed in Johnston's place ? What was the result of 
his attacks ? When and why was the city abandoned l>y Hood ? 



1863.] 



The Great Civil War, 



219 



46. Battle of Nashville, — Sherman, finding that Hood 
had gone northward, with the design of destroying the com- 
munications of the Union army, instead of pursuing him, 
sent Thomas to defend Tennessee, while he, himself, resolved 
to march through Georgia to the coast. At Nashville, Hood's 
army was defeated and nearly 
destroyed by Thomas in a ter- 
rific battle of two days (Dec. 
15, 16). 

47. Sherrnan's March to 
the Coast, — Breaking away 
entirely from his northern com- 
munications, Sherman, on the 
15th of November, commenced 
his ever memorable march to 
the sea-coast. Passing through 
Georgia and living upon the 
country as he advanced, he suc- 
cessively occupied the State 
capital and other large towns, 
until he reached Fort McAllister,* which he carried by as- 
sault, and on the morning of the 21st of December, he en- 
tered Savannah, where he captured immense stores and one 
hundred and fifty guns, besides twenty-five thousand bales of 
cotton, f 

48. Camiyaign in Virginia, — The campaign in Virginia 
was planned by Grant, and conducted by him in person, 

* In five weeks, the army, protected by the cavalry under Kilpatrick 
marched more than three hundred miles. During this time, Sherman and 
his troops were unheard of at the North, and great anxiety was felt on their 
account. The first news of the success and safety of Sherman's army was 
brouo-ht by scouts who left it as it was approaching Savannah. Hiding in 
the rice swamps by day, and paddling down the river at night, they succeed- 
ed in passing Fort McAllister, and were picked up by the Union gunboats. 

t Sherman presented these products of his victory to President Lincoln, 
as a " Christmas present to the nation." 

46. What course did Sherman take? Who was sent to Tennessee ? When and 
where was Hood defeated ? 47. Describe Sherman's march to the coast. What 
fort was taken ? When was Savannah entered ? What was captured ? 




Geneeal Sherman. 



220 



History of the United States. [i864. 



Meade having the subordinate command of the army. On 
the 4th of May, the army crossed the Kapidan ; and on the 
following day Grant encountered Lee in a terrific contest, 
known as the battle of the Wilderness, which raged for two 
days. Grant, with his large army, was enabled to outflank 
the Confederates, avIio retreated and took up successively po- 




Afteu the Battle. 

sitions at Spottsylvania Court House, North Anna, and Cold 
Harbor, at each of which a terrible battle was fought, with- 
out any decisive result.* In this series of battles. Grant lost, 
probably, sixty thousand men. 

* After the battle at Spottsylvania Court House, Grant sent a dispatch 
to the War Department, in which he said, " We have now (May 11) ended 
the sixth day of very heavy fighting. The result, to this time, is much in 
our favor. Our losses have been heavy, as Avell as those of the enemy. / 
propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer." 

48. Who planned the Virsinia campaign ? When did Grant set out ? What bat- 
tles were fought ? The result ? What was Grant's loss ? 



1864.] The Great Civil War. 221 

4,9. Siege of Petersburg, — Butler, co-operating with 
Meade, sailed from Fortress Monroe, and secured a position 
on the south side of the James ; and on the 14th of June 
Grant transferred his army to that side of the river, where 
the troops were confronted by the strong fortifications of 
Petersburg, which, in spite of every effort of the Union 
general, were held by the Confederates till the following- 
spring. 

50. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley,— Third In- 
vasion of the North, — In the mean time, the Shenandoah 
Valley had been the scene of almost constant warfare. Lee, 
after reaching his strong position at Petersburg, detached a 
considerable force under General Early to invade Maryland. 
Passing down the Valley, he defeated the Union forces, 
crossed the Potomac, and threatened Washington and Balti- 
more. A body of the Confederates advanced into Pennsyl- 
vania and set fire to Chambersbui'g, but was afterward pur- 
sued and compelled to retreat. 

51. Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley. — Grant de- 
spatched a strong force under General 8herid;in to the A^al- 
ley ; and, on the 19th of September, 
that officer attacked and routed 
Early near Winchester, and three 
days after, at Fisher's Hill, gained a 
second victory. Tlie next month, 
during the absence of Sheridan, his 
army was suddenly attacked at Cedar 
Creek, and driven in disorder from 
its position. Sheridan, on his re- 

, 1 . ,1 r» . , Major-Genekal Shekidah. 

turn, hearing the nnng, came up at 

full speed as the army was in retreat. He at once rallied the 

men, formed them in line, charged the Confederates, who 

49. W^here was the army transferred ? Where did the Confederates make a stand ? 
How long was Petersbur<r held ? 50. Where had there been constant warfare ? 
Who was sent to invade Maryland ? What was done by Early ? How far did the 
invaders go? What obliged them to retreat? 51. Who was despatched to the 
Valley by Grant? Wh;it victories did Sheridap gain? What occurred at Cedar 
Creek ? How was the army saved ? 




222 



History of the United States. 



[1864. 



were plundering the camp, and utterly routed tlieni. This 
ended the campaign in the Shenandoah. 

52, Farragut at Mobile. — In July, a powerful fleet, 
under Admiral Farragut, aided by a land force, was sent 
against Mobile, the harbor of which was strongly defended 
by Forts Morgan and Graines, as well as a Confederate fleet. 
Farragut successfully passed the forts, and gained a com- 
plete victory over the fleet. The two forts were then cap- 
tured. Tliis was one of the most brilliant achievements of 
the war.* 

53, Sherman's Campaign of 1865^ — Sherman, having 

halted at Savannah only 
long enough to refit his 
army, was again in mo- 
tion by the 1st of Febru- 
ary. On the 17th he 
captured Columbia, and 
thus compelled the Con- 
federates to evacuate 
Charleston, which was 
immediately occupied by 

General Gilmore (February 18), who had besieged it for 
nearly two years. \ Fort Sumter was abandoned at the same 

* The cool heroism disphiyed by Farragut in this terrific naval battle, 
Avas very remarkable. He caused himself to he lashed to the main-top of his 
flag-ship, the Hartford, in order that he might be able clearly to observe and 
direct the movements of tlie fleet. 

f Gilmore had obtained a position near enough to bombard Charleston 
with his heavy guns. One of these, a monster in size, called the " Swamp 
Angel," had done considerable execution. When Charleston was entered 
by the Union ibrces, its condition was thus described : " Not a building for 
blocks here is exempt from the mai'ks of shot and shell. All have suffered 
more or less. Here is a fine brown-stone bank building, vacant and deserted, 
with great gaping holes in the sides and roof, through which the sun shines 
and the rain pours; windows and sashes blown out by exploding shell 
within ; plastering knocked down ; counters torn up, flooi's crushed in, and 
fragments of Mosaic pavement, broken and crushed, lying around on the 
floor." 

52. What waa done by Farragut in Mobile Bay ? 53. Describe Sherman's march 
through South Carolina. When was Columbia entered ? Charleston ? Fort 
gumter? 




Pakkoit (jUN. 



1865.] The Great Civil War, 223 

time, and once more the Union flag was raised over the fori 
now a pile of ruins. 

54=, Sherman continned his march nortliward, 2)assing 
into North CaroHna, wliere he met and defeated a Confed- 
erate army under General Hardee (March 16), and four days 
later gained a -victory over General Johnston, who withdrew 
his army to Raleigh, leaving Sherman to form a junction 
with Schotield and Terry, the latter of whom, in January, 
had taken Wilmington. 

55, Close of Grants Camj^aign. — Capture of Mich- 
inotid, — On the 29th of March, the final movement of Grant's 
forces was commenced. A force under Sheridan and War- 
ren was sent to attack the right flank of Lee's army. This 
led to the battle of Fiye Forks, in which the Confederates 
were defeated (April 1). A general attack on their line fol- 
lowed, which was pierced at several points. Lee at once 
abandoned Petersburg and Richmond,* which Avere occupied 
by the Union forces on the 3d of April. 

5G, Surrender of Lee and tToJmsfon, — Close oftlie War, 
— Lee retreated to the southwest, hoping to be able to join 
Johnston in North Carolina ; but the retreating troops were 
hotly pursued by Sheridan ; and on the 9th, Lee, overtaken 
and surrounded, surrendered to General Grant near Appo- 
mattox Court House. \ The surrender of Johnston soon fol- 
lowed, and the Great Civil War was at an end. 

* When Lee found that his position at Petersburg coukl no longer be 
held, he sent a telegram to Davis in Richmond, containing very nearly the 
following Avords : " My lines are broken in three places, Richmond must be 
evacuated this evening." This occurred on Sunday, April 2d, and the dis- 
patch reached Mr. Davis while he sat in church, where it was handed to 
him amid the fearful silence of the congregation. He hurried out of the 
church, and the rumor at once spread that the city was to bs abandoned. 

t " On this occasion Grant exhibited the greatest magnanimity. He de- 
clined to receive the sword of Lee, and in his capitulation paroled him and 
the less than eight thousand Confederates who then and there grounded 
their arms." — Alex. H. Stephens. 

54. What other events in Sherman's campaign? Where did he join Terry? What 
city was taken in January preceding this? 65. When was Grant's final movement 
made? What led to the battle of Five Forks ? Its result? What followed ? When 
were Petersburg and Richmond occupied by the Union forces? §^, What caused. 
Lee's surrender ? Johnston's ? 



224 History of the United States, uses. 

o7. Assassination of President Lincoln, — Tlie joy of 
the Northern people at this triumph of the Union cause, 
was soon and suddenly turned into mourning. President 
Lincoln, re-elected in the Fall of 1864, had entered on his 
second term on the 4th of March following. In less than a 
week after Lee's surrender * he was assassinated f in a theater 
at Washington by a person named Booth, who, sympathizing 
with the Confederate cause, had become frenzied by its 
failure, and fancied that in killing the President he was 
avenging the wrongs of his Section. | Lincoln died on the 
morning after he was shot (April 15). 

58. General Remarks on the War, — Probably no other 
war, in the history of the world, called forth such mighty 
efforts as were made by both parties in the great " American 
Conflict ; " nor Avas any simihir struggle ever waged on so 
grand a scale, or with so vast a destruction of men and 
•material, especially in proportion to the time of its duration 
— about four years. The perseverance and determination 
manifested by each section were very remarkable ; and, con- 
sidering that the contending parties belonged, in general, to 

\ Jefferson Davis fled soutliward on the abandonment of Richmond ; but 
soon a party of cavalry started on his track. They followed him through 
the Carolinas into Georgia, where they suddenly came upon his hiding 
place ; and, notwithstanding an attempt to escape, he was discovered and 
seized. He Avas conveyed a prisoner to Fortress Monroe, where he was 
kept in confinement until 1867, when he was released. 

f As the President sat in his box in Ford's theater, with his wife and 
friends, the assassin stealthily approached, entered the box, and shot his 
victim in the back of the head. Then leaping to the stage, he Avaved his 
pistol, and shouted, " Sic semper tyrannis ! " (the motto of Virginia — So he 
it to tijrants), and rushed away. In jumping, however, his spur had caught 
in the American flag which draped the box, and he fell and broke his leg. 
He nevertheless succeeded in his escape, and fled into Maryland, Avhere he 
was tracked to his hiding-place, and refusing to surrender, was shot by one 
of the soldiers. 

I Another assassin, with similar feelings of revenge, on the same evening 
broke into Secretary Seward's chamber, where he was lying sick, and made 
an almost fatal attack iipon his life. 



57. Give an account of the assassination of Lincoln. When did his death occur? 
58. What is said of the magnitude of the war? Its destructiveness ? The eflbrts 
put forth ou each side ? 



1865.] 



The Great Civil War. 



225 



the same race and country, it is not surprising that splendid 
generalship should have been exhibited by the officers of 
both armies. 

59, Enlistments and Losses, — On the side of the Na- 
tional government nearly two million, seven hundred thou- 
sand men were enlisted durino- the war, of whom at least one 




Prepared fob the Battle. 



million and a half were actually and effectively engaged in 
the service. The Confederates, it is said, could only enlist 
about six hundred thousand men. The losses by death, on 
both sides, probably amounted to about six hundred thou- 
sand ; and, with the wounded and disabled, did not fall far 
short of a million. 

59. Number of men enlisted by the Union government? By the Confederate? 
Losses by death ? In the aggregate ? 

10* 



2 26 History of the United States. [ises. 

<>0, Sanitary and Cliristian Commissions, — The efforts 
put forth by the North to sustain the Union cause were not 
confined to the government and the army. The people ac- 
tively showed their interest in the cause, and their sympathy 
with those who had engaged in it. Associations were formed 
to relieve the necessities of the soldiers. Food, clothing, and 
medicine were forwarded in large quantities ; and women 
from all ranks of society volunteered to act as nurses of the 
sick and wounded. Of all tlie relief organizations, tlie 
Christian and Sanitary Commissions, es23ecially the latter, 
did the most extensive work ; and many a wounded soldier 
owed his life to the far-reaching hand of mercy stretchecl 
thousands of miles by these noble associations. * 

61, Cost of the War, — The national debt, at the close of 
the war, amounted to about twenty-seven hundred millions 
of dollars. To raise the enormous sums required to carry 
on the war, the Federal government had asked for loans 
which were freely granted ; the duties on im2:>orted goods were 
increased ; taxes were imposed on incomes and manufactures ; 
and revenue stamps were required for various written instru- 
ments, such as bonds, deeds, receipts, etc. The Confederate 
debt, which must have amounted to a vast sum, was never 
paid. The aggregate cost of the war, including the loss and 
sacrifice of property, has been estimated at eight thousand 
millions of dollars. 

62, EmancipaMon of the Slaves^ — One of the most im- 
portant events of the war was the emancipation proclamation. 

* " The Sanitary Commission was a genuine expression of the spirit of 
the peo]>le. It was to America in this century what the orders of chivahy 
were to Europe in their clay/' — Carlyle. " From Maine to Oregon it had 
its army of workers ; and for every soldier that the government could put 
into the field, there Avas at least one Avorker for his support among the mil- 
lion laborers enlisted in aid of the Commission. To the end of time the 
Sanitary Commission will stand in history as a Avorthy monument of the 
patriotism, the humanity, and the religion of a Christian democracy." — 
North Ainerican Review. 

60. How did the people aid the government? What relief pent to the army? 
What commissions were formed ? 61. National debt at the closeof thewar ? How 
the money was raised ? The Confederate debt J Aggregate cost of the war ? 



1865.] 



The Great Civil War, 



227 



After the invasion of Maryland, in 1862, the President saw 
clearly that the war could not be successfully waged without 
declaring freedom to the slaves in the South ; and on the 
1st of January, 18G3, he issued his memorable proclamatioji, 
by which the slaves in all States 
and districts at war Avith the Na- 
tional government Avere declared 
to be forever free. 

G3, Neiv States. — In addition 
to West Virginia, which became 
a State in 18G3, Nevada, the 




Seal of Nevada. 



thirty-sixth State, was admitted in 
1861. This was originally a part 
of the territory of California, ac- 
quired from Mexico. Its mineral 
wealth led to its rapid settlement and increase in poj^ulation. 
It was named from the mountain range on the west, called 
the Sierra Nevada, or Snow-covered Mountains. 




I 62. Emancipation Proclamation, when issued ? 63. What new States were ad- 

mitted/ 



28 



History of the United States. Lises. 




CHAPTER XX. 

Johnson's and Grant's Administrations. 

1, Funeral of Abraham Lincoln, — On the death of the 
lamented Lincohi, Andrew Johnson, the Vice-president, at 

once assumed the duties of 
president. The funeral obse- 
quies of the late president oc- 
cupied for a short time the 
attention of the whole people. 
The remains were borne to 
Springfield, in Illinois, the 
former home of the deceased ; 
and as the procession moved on 
its long journey of nearly two 
thousand miles, the people 
everywhere sought to give ex- 
pression to their reverential 

sorrow. At the great cities the body lay in state, and all 

business Avas suspended. 

2, Proclamations of Amnesty, etc^ — On the 29th of 
April, Johnson issued a proclamation removing restrictions 
on commerce in the South ; and a month later, he issued 
another proclamation, declaring amnesty, or pardon, to all 
Avho had been concerned in the late war, except certain 
specified classes of persons. 

5, Abolition of Slavery, — Congress had previously i^ro- 
posed an amendment to the Constitution (the Thirteenth), 
abolishing slavery in every part of the United States. This 
proposition having been approved by three-fourths of the 
States, slavery was declared to be constitutionally abolished 
on the 18th of December, 18(35. 

Text ftuestions.—l. Who succeeded Lincoln as President ? What is said of 
the funeral obsequies of the late president ? 2. What proclamations were issued 
by Johnson ? 3. What amendment to the Constitution was adopted ? When was 

i-lavery declared to be abolished? 



Andrew Johnson. 



18GT.] 



Jo J 1 11 sons Adnt in istration . 



229 



4. Meconsfimctiofi Acts, — The manner in which the States 
of the Sonth sliould be restored to their former poHtical 
standing, and the conditions that slionld he imposed to in- 
sure the j^rotection of the emancipated slaves, occupied the 
attention of the President and Congress for a considerable 
time, as they were not able to agree upon the proper policy 
to be i^nrsued. In March, 1867, Congress passed over the 
President's veto "reconstruction acts," defining the terms 
upon which the Southern States should be allowed representa- 
tion. [See Fourteentli Amendment of the Constitution.) 

5, Nebraska and Alaska, — During the year 1867, Ne- 
braska * was admitted into the Union ; and the territorial 
possessions of the United States were 
verj greatly enlarged by the addition 
of A-las'-ka, formerly known as Rus- 
sian America. This vast tract of 
land was purchased of Russia for 
about seven millions of dollars in 
gold. 

6, Inipeachinent of the Presi- 
dent — On the 24th of February, 
1868, the bitter quarrel which had 
existed for some time between Johnson and Congress was 
brought to an issue by the passage of a resolution in the 
House of Representatives, impeaching the President of high 
crimes and misdemeanors. The impeachment articles, eleven 
in number, Avere duly submitted to the Senate, and the 
President was tried on three of them ; but he was acquitted by 
a close vote, and the Senate as a court adjourned (May 26). 

7. Election of Grant and Col fax,— In the presidential 

* The word Nebraska is of Indian origin, signifying Ne, water, and 
hraslca, wide or shallow. It was first applied to the Platte River, and trans- 
ferred to the territory crossed by that stream. 

4. What occupied the attention of the President and Con^rePS ? Did they agree ? 
What Acts were passed ? 5. What State was admitted ? What territory was pur- 
chased •? For what sum ? ©. Give an account of the impeachment of the President. 
Was he convicted? 




Seal of Nebraska. 



History of the United States. [is 69. 



campaign of 1868, the Republicans nominated for president, 
General Grant ; the Democrats, Horatio Seymour. The 
former was elected by a very large majority ; and, at the 
same time, Schuyler Colfax was elected vice-president. 

8, Grant's Aclininistration. — This administration com- 
menced on the 4th of March, 1869. During that year the 

three States, Virginia, Missis- 
sippi, and Texas, were restored 
to representation in Congress, 
and thus the "Reconstruction 
of the Union" was fully ac- 
complished. The Fourteenth 
Amendment to the Constitu- 
tion had, however, already been 
adopted (July 28, 1868). 

,9. Fifteenth Ainendnienf, 
— The Fifteenth Amendment 
to the Constitution, guarantee- 
ing the right of suffrage to all 
citizens of the United States, without regard to " race, color, 
or previous condition of servitude," having been proposed by 
Congress, and approved by thi-ee-fourths of the States, was 
declared adopted, March 30, 1870. 

10, Destructive Confla (/rations In October, 1871, the 

most destructive lire in the history of this country occurred 
at Chicago. About eighteen thousand buildings were con- 
sumed, and the total loss amounted to over one hundred 
millions of dollars. During the same month, forest fires 
raged in parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and 
were scarcelv less destructive than the Chicao^o confla^ra- 




Gbant. 



tion. * 



* In a little more than a year after, a fire occurred in Boston (November, 
1872), which destroyed seven hundred and seventy- six buildings, causing a 
total loss, in houses and merchandise, of about seventy-five millions of dollars. 

7. Who were elected President and Vice-president in 1868 ? 8. By what event was 
" reconstruction " completed ? 9. What other amendment to the Constitution was 
adopted '? 10. What extensive conflagrations occurred '? 



1813.] Granfs Administration. 231 

11, Re-election of Grant, — In 1872, the presidential 
campaign resulted in the re-election of General Grant as 
President ; and his inauguration for a second term took 
place on the 4th of March, 1873. Henry Wilson, of Mas- 
sachusetts, was chosen vice-president at the same time. 

12, Alabama Claims. — Great Britain at first refused to 
make any compensation for the damages done to American 
commerce by the Alabama aud other English-built privateers 
of the Confederates. This caused much ill-feeling on the 
part of the people of the United States toward the British* 
government, and even threatened war. Commissioners were, 
however, appointed by the two governments, who met at 
AVashington, and agreed upon the basis of a treaty, which 
was adopted by the two countries. By this treaty ^^all 
causes of difference " were settled. 

13, Geneva Award, — In pursuance of this treaty, five 
arbitrators* were appointed to examine into and decide all 
the claims. They met in Geneva, in Switzerland, and finally 
awarded the sum of fifteen million five hundred thousand 
dollars to be paid in gold, by Great Britain to the United 
States, in satisfaction of all the claims (September 14, 1872). 
That amount was accordingly paid a year later. 



CHAPTER XXL 

Civil Progress of the Natioi^. 

1. Events previously related, — The preceding chapters 

have dealt with the chief political and military events in the 

history of the country ; that is, with those which relate to 

its government, the c hanges thereiu. and the wars which had 

^ These arbitrators consisted of one from each of the following countries : 
the United States, Great Britain, Italy, Switzerland, and Brazil. 

Text Questions.— 11. Who were elected President and Vice-president in 1872? 

12. What difficulties arose out of the Alabama Claims ? How were they settled ? 

13. Where did the Arbitrators meet ? What sum was awarded ? 

1. Subject of preceding chapters? What is meant by political and military 
history? Revolutionary War? Great Civil War ? 



232 History of the United States. [is 74. 

their origin in tlie efforts either to make or to resist changes 
in the government. Thus, the Eevohition, or overturning 
of the Colonial government, was only effected by means of a 
long war, and the Great Civil War was caused by the at- 
tempt of the Southern States to change their government by 
separating themselves from the Union, and establishing an 
independent nation. 

2, Political and Civil History. — A nation is organized 
by means of its government ; its organization, indeed, is its 

government ; and hence an account of the wars which it has 
waged with other nations constitutes also a part of its ^?o- 
litical liistorij. Civil history relates to its progress in civili- 
zation, its growth in population, and the improvements which 
it has made in the useful and fine arts, in manufactures, 
commerce, education, literature, etc. 

3, Population. — The first census was taken in 1790, and 
showed a total population in the thirteen States, and in all 
the national territory, of about four millions. Philadelphia 
was then the largest city in the Union, and contained a 
population of less than forty-five thousand ; while New York 
had only about thirty-three thousand. New Orleans, then a 
French settlement, was a very small town. 

4, The census of 1870 showed a population in the United 
States of nearly forty millions ; and that of New York, the 
Metropolis, had grown to nearly a million. Seven cities had 
a population exceeding two hundred and fifty thousand. 
All the great cities of the West have attained their astonish- 
ing growth within the present century. Cincinnati, in 1805, 
contained only about five hundred inhabitants ; and Chicago, 
in 1831, was a small \dllage. St. Louis, the Metropolis of the 
Mississippi Yalley, was but a small trading town, when, 
with Louisiana, it came under the United States government. 
These cities are now among the largest in the Union. 

2. How is a nation organized ? To what does c\v\\ history relate ? 3. What did 
the census of 1790 show? What is said of Philadelphia? Of New York? Now 
Orleans ? 4. What did the ceu.sus of 1870 show V Cities of the West ? St. Louis ? 



1874.] Civil Progress of the Nation. 233 

5. Agvictilture»—Y^Q vast fertile domain of our countiy, 
constantly presenting new fields for farming industry, lias 
made agriculture the leading pursuit, except in some small 
sections. The immense production of the cereal grains, such 
as wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, and barley, in the Northern 
States ; and of cotton, rice, sugar, etc., in the Southern, has 
offered a splendid reward to the farmer and the planter. 

6, Cotton Culture, — The cultivation of cotton has been a 
prominent feature in the agricultural history of this country, 
and its results have revolutionized the commerce of the world. 
In 1790, it had hardly commenced ; but, in 1860, before the 
breaking out of the Civil War, it reached the enormous 
aggregate of two thousand million pounds, or four millions of 
])ales, and was the chief article of export of the country. 

7. Mailroads, — The rapid construction of railroads has 
aided very much the growth of the country. More than 
fifty thousand miles of railroads have been built during the 
last forty years. Of these, the Pacific Eailroad is the most 
interesting. It extends from Omalui, in Nebraska, to San 
Francisco, being nearly two thou- 
sand miles long, and brings the ^ 

great Eastern cities within a week's '\ ^ 
journey from San Francisco. 

8, Telegraphs, — The magnetic 
telegraph has been another mighty 
agent in advancing the interests of 
the nation. It was invented by 
Professor S. F. B. Morse, who, in 
1844, erected between Baltimore 
and Washington the first magnetic 
telegraph ever used m the world. 

The next year it was extended to Philadelphia, New York, 
and Boston. In 1860, there were over fifty thousand miles 

5. Leading pursuit? Wliy? Chief product!? of the North? Of the South? 
6. What ip safd of the cotton culture? 7. Railroads? How many miles built? 
Pacific Kailroad ? 8. Magnetic Tele<jraph ? By whom invented ? First telegraph ? 
How many miles in 18(30 ? At present? 




234 History of the United States. ti874. 

of telegraph wires in operation ; and, at tlie present time, 
there cannot be less than twice that amount. 

9, Atlmitic Cable, — One of the most yaluable and inter- 
esting achievements of science was the laying of the Atlantic 
Cable — a telegraph stretching from Ireland to Newfound- 
land, upon the bed of the Atlantic Ocean. After failing in 
the attempt in 1857, 1858, and 1865, it was at last accom- 
plished, in 1806, by means of the Great Eastern, the largest 
steam vessel ever constructed. The Atlantic Cable is about 
two thousand six hundred miles long, and its strength is 
sufficient to bear a strain of nearly twenty-eight tons. The 
success of this enterprise was largely due to the intelligence 
and untiriug energy of Cyrus W. Field. 

10. Steam Vessels, — In 1807, the little steamboat Cler- 
mont, constructed under the direction of Robert Fulton, 

ascended the Hudson Eiver,* 
and thus proved that it was 
possible to navigate the water 
by steam. Although others 
had previously made successful 
experiments of a similar char- 
acter, Fulton's voyage to Al- 
bany gave an impetus to steam- 
boat enterprise which soon 
created a revolution in naviga- 
tion, f Since tlien, floating pal- 
RoBERT Fulton. accs liavc talvcu the placc of 

* In the autumn of 1807, the " Albany Gazette" contained the following 
advertisement: "The North River Steamboat will leave Paulas Hook on 
Friday, the fourth of September, at 9 o'clock, a.m., and will arrive in Al- 
bany on Saturday at 9 o'clock, p.m. Fare, seven dollars." The announce- 
ment was realized, the Clermont completing the trip, as advertised, in thirty- 
six hours. During a part of the way she was gazed at by crowds of 
wondering spectators on the banks of the Hudson. 

f Fulton thus described to a friend the disheartening circumstances under 
which the construction of the first steamboat — nicknamed by the Americans 
"Fulton's Folly " — was patiently persevered in by himself. He records as 

Q.Atlantic Cable? When laid? How? Through whose efforts? 10. The 
Clcrtnont ? Result of Fulton's voyage ? 




1874.] Civil Progress of the Natio?t. 



235 




I'uLToN's FiusT Steamboat 



tlie little Clermont— not so large as the smallest ferry-boat 
of our day— and steamships of immense size and magnificence 
ply regularly, and frecpiently across, all the great oceans of 

the world. . 

11. Useful Inventions — Perhaps no country ni the world 
has been more distinguished for useful inventions than the 
United States. It was the discoyeries of Dr. Franklin m 
electricity that led to its practical applications ; and Morse, 
a citizen of the United States, made the most useful of these 
in the invention of the electro-magnetic telegraph. The 
cotton-gin, invented by Eli Whitney* in 1792, increased a 

follows • " When T was buildin- my first steamboat at New York, thepvoj- 
ectTas'viewed l,v the public with indifference or with contempt, as a visu)n- 

^■^'l'"Fhtt'fo";;i;>;sTefo;'^r plS.n.ed his engine an.. ArYngl^t his 
spinnhl^-frirthe'Iewas bom in a S:"' ^"^land favmhonse a boj^whos 
woA was needed to complete theirs. His name was Eli Whitney. ^I'J«J 
aborn medmnie. It waLi necessity of bis natni-e to invent and construct. 

11. Usetal invention. In .be^?.;ij;^Ji^^^[,^^ '"Jj^riS 

When? Its result? Sewing-machine, by whom m\ i.nieu . iis ■ ■ j 

printing-press ? 



236 • History of the United States. [i8'74. 

Imndredfold tlie value of the cotton culture ; and the in- 
vention of the sewing-machine by Elias Howe, an American 
machinist, was one of the most valuable gifts to civilization 
ever made. American ingenuity has also given us that wonder- 
working contrivance, the cylinder j^ress, by means of which 
twenty-five thousand copies of a newspaper may be struck otf 
in a single hour. To these may be added a host of other 
valuable inventions, inchiding farming implements of the 
greatest utility and importance. 

12, Printhig, HFewsiMipers, ami Books, — The improve- 
ments made in this country in the means of spreading in- 
formation, have kept pace with every other kind of civil 

progress. The press, that mighty 
eugine of civilization, has been 
ever busy — ever increasing its 
power to meet the demands of 
the people for knowledge. Eight 
thousand periodicals are issued in 
the United States, or about one 
for every five thousand inhabit- 
ants ; and the number of books 
published annually is more than 
three thousand. 
^«^^^'^' IS, Literature* — American 

literature is rich in works of genius. The writings of Wash- 
ington Irving * are everywhere admired for their easy, natural. 

As a mere boy he made nails, pins, and walkino:-canes by novel processes, 
and thus earned money to sup})ort himself at college. In 1792, he went to 
Georgia to visit Mrs. Greene, the widow of General Greene ; and during 
that visit the cotton-gin was invented. 

* Washin(;ton Irving was born in New York city, in 1783. He at first 
devoted himself to legal studies, which he soon abandoned for the pursuits 
of literature. His first writings consisted of contributions to the M'o7-iu')ig 
Clironide, a journal edited by^ his brother, Peter Irving. ^ " Salmagundi " 
appeared in 1 807, a series of amusing articles, partly written by himself, 
Jamej; K. Paulding, and his brothers, Peter and William. The production 
which first gave him a decided reputation was the famous *' History of Now 

12. The press ? What is said of it ? Periodicals ? Books ? 13. American 
literature ? Irving ? Cooper ? Bancroft, etc. ? 




1874.] Civil Progress of the Nation. 



237 



tiiicl beautiful style, their kindly 
influence, and playful humor. 
Cooper, the American novelist, 
has never been surpassed in the 
power of description, particularly 
of the 2)eculiar features of Indian 
life, and life on the ocean. Ban- 
croft,* Hildreth, Prescott, and Mot- 
ley, stand among the best writers 
of history the world has ever pro- 
duced. The History of the United 
States, by George Bancroft, is a 

worlv of wide-spread fame. 




B VNCROrT 




It 

has occupied very many years 
of its gifted author's life, and 
is not yet finished. 

14:* American poets may 
justly claim a ptace with the 
most celebrated of all coun- 
tries. William Cullen Bryant f 
has written poems which must 
be as lasting as the language 
itself. There are few school 
children who have not learned 
to admire "Thanatopsis," the 



York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker," published in 1809. This is a workjof 
inimitable humor, and was read with the greatest delight on both sides of 
the Atlantic. Sir Walter Scott w^as charmed with it. The " Sketch Book " 
was published in London, and greatly increased the author's reputation. 
It contains some of the most beautiful and touching pieces of composition 
in the language. He also published " Life and Voyages of Columbus," 
" The Alhambra," "Bracebridge Hall," " Life of Washington," and many 
other popular works. 

* George Bancroft was born at Worcester, Mass., in the year 1800. He 
early manifested remarkable talent, graduating at Harvard College with 
the highest honors, at the age of seventeen. The publication of his great 
work, " The History of the IJnited States," was commenced in 1834. Mr. 
Bancroft has filled several important political offices. 

t William Cullen Bryant was born in Massachusetts in 1794. 
tinguished not only as a poet but as a journalist. 



He is dis- 



238 



History of the United States. [is 74. 



Planting of tlie Apple Tree/' and a host of others, which 



have been used as the 




Longfellow. 



means of cultivating the taste 
of our youth, and impressing 
upon their minds sentiments of 
truth, beauty, and tenderness. 
Longfellow * and Whittier f must 
also be added as among the great 
poets, not only of our own coun- 
try, but of the world. This brief 
list would be greatly extended if 
we should include all who have 
achieved for themselves fame, 
and added luster to the literature 
of their country. 



■* HeMry W. Lonqfellow was born in Portland, Maine, in 1807. He has 
held the position of professor in Bowdoin and Harvard Colleges His chief 
poems are Evangeline and Hiawatha; but many of his minor pieces are very 
widely popular. 

f John G. Whittier was born near Haverhill, in Massachusetts, in 1807. 

14. American poets ? Bryant? Longfellow? Other poets? 



Chronological Summary. 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

1765. Parliament passed the Stamp Act. 

The Colonial Congress met in New York. 
1770. Affray, known as the Boston Massacre, occurred. . 

1773. The tea was thrown overboard in Boston Harbor. 

1774. The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. 

1775. Battle of Lexington. Revolutionary War began. 

1776. Independence declared by Congress, July 4tli. 

1777. Burgoyue surrendered his army to Gates. 

1778. France acknowledged the independence of the United States. 

1779. Paul Jones gained a victory off the English coast. 

1780. Arnold plotted to betray West Point to the British. 

1781. The Articles of Confederation ratified by the States. 
Oornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. 

1782. A preliminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris. 

1783. A definitive treaty of peace was made with Great Britain. 
New York was evacuated by the British. 

1787. Convention at Philadelphia adopted Constitution of the U. S. 

1789. Washington was inaugurated President. 

1791. Vermont was admitted into the Union. 

1792. Kentucky was admitted into the Union. 
1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee. 

1796. Tennessee was admitted into the Union. 

1797. John Adams was inaugurated President. 

1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, Virginia, 

1800. Washington became the capital of the United States. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated President. 

1802. Ohio was admitted into the "Union. 

1803. Louisiana was purchased from France. 

1804. Decatur recaptured the frigate Philadelphia. 
Hamilton was killed in a duel with Burr. 

1807. The Leopard attacked the United States frigate Chesapeake, 
1809. Congress prohibited commerce with Great Britain and France. 
James Madison was inaugurated President. 

1811. Harrison gained a victory at Tippecanoe. 

1812. Louisiana was admitted into the Union. 

United Statos declared War against Great Britain. 

1813. Perry gained a victory on Lake Erie. 
Harrison defeated Proctor at the Thames. 

1814. Washington was captured by the British. 
A treaty of peace was signed at Ghent. 

1815. Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans. 
Decatur was sent to Algiers. 

1816. Indiana was admitted into the Union. 

1817. James Monroe was inaugurated President. 

1818. Jackson was sent against the Seminoles. 
Illinois was admitted into the Union. 

1819. Alabama was admitted into the Union. 



240 History of the United States. 

1820. Maine was admitted into the Union. 
The Missouri Compromise was adopted. 

1821. Spain ceded Florida to the United States. 
Missouri was admitted into the Union. 

1824. Lafayette visited the United States. 

1825. John Quincy Adams was inaugurated President. 

1826. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died (July 4). 
1829. Andrew Jackson was inaugurated President. 
1832. The Black Hawk War broke out. 

South Carolina attempted nullification. 

1835. War with the Seminoles began. 

1836. Arkansas was admitted. 

1837. Michigan was admitted into the Union. 
Martin Van Buren was inaugurated President, 

1841. William Henry Harrison was inaugurated President. 
The death of President Harrison occurred (April 4). 
John Tyler was inaugurated President. 

1845. Florida was admitted into the Union. 
James K. Polk was inaugurated President. 
Texas was admitted into the Union. 

1846. Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Palo Alto. 
Iowa was admitted into the Union. 

1847. Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Buena Vista. 
Scott entered the City of Mexico. 

1848. A treaty of peace was made with Mexico. 
Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. 

1849. Zachary Taylor was inaugurated President. 

1850. Death of President Taylor. 

Millard Fillmore was inaugurated President. 
California was admitted into the Union. 

1853. Franklin Pierce was inaugurated President. 

1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill was passed. 

1857. James Buchanan was inaugurated President. 

1858. Minnesota was admitted into the Union. 

1859. Oregon was admitted into the Union. 
John Brown made a raid into Virginia. 

1860. South Carolina passed a secession ordinance. 

1861. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, "\'ir- 

ginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina, passed 

secession ordinances. 
Kansas was admitted into the Union. 
The " Southern Confederacy " was formed. 
Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated President. 
The Union army was routed at Bull Run (July 21). 

1862. "The Seven Days' contest before Richmond" (June 25-July 1). 
,Lee's army was defeated at Antietam. 

The Union army was repulsed at Fredericksburg (Dec. 13). 

1863. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued. 
West Virginia was admitted into the Union. 
Lee made his second invasion into Maryland. 
The Confederates were defeated at Gettysburg. 
Vicksburof was surrendered to General Grant. 



Chronological Summary. 241 



1863. The great riot in New York occurred. 

1864. General Sherman captured Atlanta. 
Nevada was admitted into the Union. 
Savannah was occupied by Sherman's army. 

1865. Charleston was occupied by Union troops. 

Petersburg and Richmond were captured by the Unionists. 
Lee surrendered to Grant. 
President Lincoln was assassinated. 
Andrew Johnson was inaugurated President. 
Slavery was constitutionally abolished. 

1867. Nebraska was admitted into the Union. 
Alaska was purchased from Russia. 

1868. The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted. 

1869. Ulysses S. Grrant was inaugurated President. 

1870. The Fifteenth Amendment was adopted. 

1871. The Alabama Treaty was concluded. 
The great fire at Chicago occurred. 

1873. Grant was inaugurated for a second term. 



11 



242 



History of the United States. 



TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 

Xumbers refer to pages of the book. 



BIOGRAPHICAL. 

George Washington 149, 154, 156 

'J'honias Jeffen^on 151, 15«, 1H2, 175 

Alexander Hamilton 151, 159 

Daniel Boone 152 

John Adams 154, 175 

Aaron Burr 157, 1«0 

Decatur 159, 170 

General Harrison 102, 164, 181 

General Hull 163 

Commodore Bain bridge 158, 164 

Commodore Perry 164 

General Jackson ...... . .165, 169, 172, 176 

General Scott 166, 186, 187, 197, 204 

James Monroe 171 

John Q. Adams 175 

John C. Calhoun 177 

Abraham Lincoln 178, 197, 224, 228 

General Taylor 179, 183, 185, 190 

Martin Van Buren 180 

John Tyler 181 

Samuel Houston 181 

James K. Polk 182 

John C. Fremont 185, '204 

Millard Fillmore 190 

Daniel Webster 191 

Henry Clay 191 

Franklin Pierce 19> 

James Buchanan 193, 197 

Jefferson Davis 195, 200, 2-J3 

General Beauregard 199 

General Lyon 204 

Admiral Farragut 207, 222 

General McClellan 201, 204, 210, 212 

General Grant, 

206, 207, 214, 217, 219, 220, 223, 229 

General Lee 211, 213, 214, 223 

General Johnston 211, 223 

General Rosecrans 213, 215 

General Sherman 217, 218, 219, 223 

General Early 221 

General Sheridan 221 

Andrew Johnson 228, 229 

Professor Morse 233 

Robert Fulton 234 

Washington Irving 236 

GEOGRAPHICAL. 

Maumee River 152 

Washington 156, 168 

Louisiana 157^ 171 

Tippecanoe I(i2 

Detroit lf;3 

Thames River 164 

Plattsbnr r 106, 107 

Baltimore 108 

Mobile lV,9, 222 

Pensacola 109, 172 

New Orleans 109, 207 

Fort Moultrie 179, 195 

Palo Alto 183 



Buena Vista 185 

Vera Cruz 186 

Cerro Gordo ] 86 

City of Mexico 1S7 

San Francisco 189. 1 90 

Kansas 1 92, 196 

Harper's Ferry 194, 9G1 

Charleston 195, 222 

Fort Sumter l',»5, 196, 199 

Big Bethel 201 

Richmond 201. 223 

Bull Run 204, 212 

Fredericksburg 212 

Mnrfreesboro' 213 

Chancellorsville ,213 

Gettysburg 214 

Vicksburg 214 

Chattanooga 215 

Atlanta 217, 218 

Nashville 219 

Petersburg 221 

Shenandoah Valley 221 

HISTORICAL. 

Whisky Insurrection 151 

Battle of the Maumee 152 

War of 1812 161, 102 

Battle of Lundy's Lane 166 

Taking of Wasnington 1 08 

Battle of New Orleans 169 

Cession of Florida to the U. S 172 

Missouri Compromise ' 173 

Lafayette's Visit to the United S.ales 174 

Nullification 176, 177 

Black Hawk War 178 

Seminole War 178, 179 

War with Mexico 182-188 

Conquest of New Mexico 185 

Discoverv of Gold in California 189 

Compromise of 1850 191 

Civil War in Kansas 193 

John Brown's Raid 193 

Organization of Southern Confed 195 

Capture of Fort s Henry and Donelson 206 

Battle of Pittsburg Landing 207 

Fight between the Monitor and the 

Merrimac 210 

Battle of Fair Oaks 211 

Seven Days' Battles 211 

Battle of Antietam 212 

Battle of Chickaraauga 215 

Draft Riot in New York 216 

Red River Expedition 217 

Massacre at Fort Pillow 218 

Sherman's March to the Coast 219 

Abolition of Slavery in the I'. S..226, 228 

Purchase of Alaska 229 

Voyage of the Clermont 235 

Laying of the Atlantic Cable 234 

Invention of the Cotton Gin. ....;... 235 
Invention of the Magnetic Telegraph 235 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



A Declaration hy the Representatives of the United States of America 
in Congress assembled, July 4, 1776. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for 
one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected 
them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, 
the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of 
nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- 
kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them 
to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self^vident, that all men are created 
equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalien- 
able rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted 
among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- 
erned ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive 
of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, 
and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such 
principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall 
seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, 
indeed, will dictate that governments long established, should not 
be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all 
experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, 
while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the 
forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of 
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces 
a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, 
it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new 
guards for their future security. Such has been the patient suffer- 
j.nce of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains 
them to alter their former systems of government. The history of 
the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries 
and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an 
absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be sub- 
mitted to a candid world : — 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and neces. 
''Sary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and 



Declaration of Independence. 



pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his 
assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly 
neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of 
representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and 
formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom- 
fortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for 
the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his 
measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, 
with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutipns, to cause 
others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; 
the state remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the danger of 
invasion from without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for 
that purpose, obstructmg the laws for naturalization of foreigners, 
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and 
raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his 
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of 
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms 
of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in time of peace, standing armies, without 
the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior 
to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving bis 
assent to their acts of pretended legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these 
states : 



Declaration of Independence. 



For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarg- 
ing its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instru- 
ment for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, 
and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments: 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- 
tection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, 
and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercena- 
ries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already 
Ijegun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled 
in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civil- 
ized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners 
of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- 
deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless 
Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished 
destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, 
in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been 
answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is 
thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be 
the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. 
We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their 
legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We 
have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and 
settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and mag- 
nanimity, and we have conjured them, by tlie ties of our common 



Declaration of Independence. 



kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably inter- 
rupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been 
deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, 
acquiesce in the necessity wliich denounces our separation, and hold 
them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, 
friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, 
ingeneral Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by 
the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish 
and declare, that those united colonies are, and of right ought to be, 
free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all alle- 
giance to the British crown, and that all political connection between 
them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dis- 
solved ; and that, as free and independent states, they have full 
power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com- 
merce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states 
may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a 
firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually 
pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 



New Hampshire.— Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew 
Thornton. Mas.sacliusetts Bay.— Samuel Adams, John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Rhode Island.— Stephen 
Hopkins, William Ellery. Connecticut.— Roger Sherman, Samuel 
Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. New York.— 
William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. 
New Jersey.— Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hop- 
kinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. Pennsylvania.— Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, 
James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Dela- 
ware.— Caesar Rodney, Georoe Read, Thomas M'Kean. Maryland. 
-Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of 
CarroUton. Virginia.— George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas 
Jeflerson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas IsTelson, jun., Francis Light- 
foot Lee, Carter Braxton. North rarolina.— William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina — Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Hey ward, jun., Thomas Lynch, jun,, Arthur Middleton. 
Georgia.—Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 

This declaration was sisned on the day of its adoption, by John Hancock, the 
president of Congress, and thus it went forth to the world. By order of Congress 
it was engrossed and also signed by the above named members. 



THE CONSTITUTION 

OF 

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



1, Origin op the Constitution. — When the Revolutionary 
struggle commenced, there were three forms of colonial govern- 
ment in force among the colonies, namely : the provincial or royal, 
the proprietary, and the charter. The provincial or royal govern- 
ment was under the control of a governor, who, appointed by the 
king, administered affairs according to instructions from liis royal 
master. The colonies of this class were New Hampshire, New 
York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and 
Georgia. 

2, The proprietary government was under the control of one or 
more proprietors, who derived their authority by grant and privi- 
leges conferred by the king. Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Mary- 
land were subject to the proprietary rule. The charter government 
secured certain political rights to the people by royal charter. Of 
this class were Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 

3, On the 11th of June, 1776, Congress resolved that a com- 
mittee should be appointed to prepare a form of confederation, to 
be entered into by the colonies. On the 12th of July following, 
this committee, consisting of one from each state, reported a draft 
of Articles of Confederation. The Report was considered and 
debated from time to time until the 15th of November, 1777, when, 
with some amendments, it was adopted. 

4, These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1778 by all 
the states except Delaware and Maryland, and by Delaware in 
1779 ; but, in consequence of the delay on the part of Maryland, 

QiUestions.— 1. What forms of government existed amon^ the colonies previous 
to the Revolution ? What was the provincial or royal government ? Which of the 
colonies were provincial or royal? 2. What w^a? the proprietary government? 
Give the names of the colonies that were subjected to the proprietary rule? What 
was the charter government y Which of the colonies had charters ? 3. What reso- 
lution was first adopied in Congress in relation to a form of confederation? Give 
the subsequent history of tlie measure. 4. When did the states ratify the Articles 
of Confederation ? When did the Articles of Confederation go into effect ? 



6 Constitution of the United States. 

they did not go into effect until the 1st of March, 1781, the day on 
whicli they were signed by the delegates from that state. 

5. It was soon found that the Articles of Confederation were not 
adequate to the wants of the government. They were deficient 
as regards the regulation of commerce, the settling of controversies 
between tlie states, the making of treaties with foreign nations, 
and especially so in not conferring the necessary power upon Con- 
gress to liquidate the debts incurred during the war. 

6*. Consequently, a convention of delegates from all the states, 
except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, for the 
purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation; but it was 
thought best by a majority of the delegates to adopt an entirely 
new form of government, instead of making any attempts to amend 
the defective one then in existence. Accordingly, on the 17th of 
September, 1787, after four months' deliberation, the present Con- 
stitution, --except some changes which have since been made, — 
was adopted by the Convention. 

7. The new Constitution was submitted to the people, who, in 
the newspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, discussed it with 
earnestness and thoroughness ; the ratification of nine states being 
requisite before it could go into effect. It met with considerable 
opposition ; but after it had been adopted by all the states, except 
North Carolina and Rhode Island, it went into operation March 
4th, 1789. 



Note.— Congress ought to have met on the 4th of March, 1789, but in consequence 
of delay in the arrival of members, the most of whom had to make their way to 
New York on horseback or by sea, there being no railroads in those days, a quorum 
was not secured before the 30th. "Washington received sixty-nine votes, that 
being the whole number of electors voting. John Adams received thirty-four votes 
in all, not a majority; but suflBcient, as the Constitution then stood, being the 
second highest number, to make him vice-president." The sixty-nine votes re- 
ceived by Washington were from ten states only. New York did not vote because 
of a disagreement between the two houses of her legislature; and North Carolina 
and Rhode Inland had not adopted the Constitution. " The inauguration was de- 
layed for several days by a question which had arisen as to the form or title by 
which the President elect was to be addressed. * * * it was finally resolved that 
the address should be simply ' the President of the United States,' without any addi- 
tion of title ; a judicious form which has remained to the present day."—/?Ti»^'.s^ Life 
of Washington. 

5. Wliat was soon ascertained with reference to the Articles of Confederation ? In 
what respects were they deficient? 6. What convention was held in May, 1787? 
What was done by the ccnivention ? 



Constitution of the United States, 
The Constitution was Adopted as follows by: 



Delaware Dec. 7, 1787 

Pennsylvania Dec. 12, 1787 

New Jersey Dec. 18, 1787 

Georgia Jan. 2, 1788 



Maryland April 28, 1788 

South Carolina May 23, 1788 

New Hampshire June 21, 1788 

Virginia June 26, 1788 



Connecticut Jan. 9, 1788 New York .July 26, 1788 

Massachusetts Feb. 6. 1788 North Carolina Nov. 21, 1789 

Ehode Island May 29, 1790. 



THE CONSTITUTION. 



Preamble. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, pro- 
vide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and 
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do 
ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of 
America. 

ARTICLE I. The Legislative Department. 
Section I. Congress in General. 
All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con- 
gress of the United States, which sliall consist of a Senate and 
House of Representatives. 

Section II. Home of Representatives. 

1st Clause. The House of Representatives shall be composed of 
members chosen every second year by the people of the several 

Preamble.— What is the introductory part of the Constitution called ? What is 
the object of the preamble '? Ans. To state the purposes of the Constitution. How 
many and wliat purposes are stated in the preamble? By whom was the Consti- 
tution ordained and established? Recite the preamble. How many and what de- 
partments of government are established under the Constitution ? Ans. Three ; the 
legislative, the judicial, and the executive. What is the legislative department? 
Atis. The power that enacts the laws. What is the executive department ? Am. 
The power that enforces the laws. What is the judicial department ? Ans. The 
power that interprets the laws. 

Article I.— ^S'^c. 1. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat? in 
whom is the legislative power vested ? Of how many and what branches does Con- 
gress consist? 

Sec. II.— l.-}/: Clause. By whom are the representatives chosen? How often are 
they chosen? What qualifications are requisite for electors of repi'esentatives "; 
What is an elector? A)is. One who has the right to vote in choosing an officer. 



8 Constitution of the United States. 

states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications 
requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state 
legislature. 

"^id Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall not 
have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years 
a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be 
an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 

^d Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned 
amon^ the several states which may be included within this Union, 
according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined 
by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those 
bound to service for a term of years, and, excluding Indians net 
taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. (See Article XIV. of the 
Amendments.) The actual enumeration shall be made within three 
years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, 
and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as 
they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not 
exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at 
least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, 
the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, 
Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, 
Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania 
eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina 
five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

^th Clause. When vacancies happen in the representation from 
any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of elec- 
tion to fill such vacancies. 

5^/i Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose their 

M Clause. How old must a person be before he can be a representative? How 
long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is ihv. requisite in 
regard to his habitation ? Now name the three qualifications requisite for a repre- 
sentative. . - ^. 

Zd C'lame. How were representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the 
states? How were the respective numbers of the representative population of tiie 
several states to be determined? What provision was made in regard to Indians? 
What was meant by " all other persons ? " Ans. Slaves. When was the first census 
or enumeration to be made? How often is the census to be made? How many m- 
hal>itants at least are required for one representative ? If a state should not have 
that number, what is the law ? Was the first representation in Congress based upon 
the actual population of the several states? Which state at first sent the gi'eatest 
number of representatives ? AVhich two states sent the smallest number ? Of how 
many members did the first House of Representatives consist? Of how many does 
the present House consist? Ans. 292. „ ■, c 

Ath Clause. How are vacancies in the representation of a state to be filled .' 

Uh Clause. Bv whom is the speaker of the House of Representatives chosen ? By 
whom are the other officers of the House chosen ? What sole power has the House T 



Constitution of the United States. g 

speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of im- 
peachment. 

Section III. The Senate. 

1st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of 
two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for 
six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 

2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in conse- 
^quence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may 
he into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class 
shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second 
class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at 
the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen 
erery second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or 
otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the 
executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next 
meeting of the legislature, which sliall then fill such vacancies. 

dd Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of 
the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabit- 
ant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 

'Uh Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall be 
president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be 
equally divided. 

^th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also 

What is meant by impeachment? Ans. An accusation against a public officer, 
charginsr bim with misconduct in the discharge of his official duties. 

Sec. III. — \st Clause. Of whom is the Senate composed ? By whom are the sena- 
tors chosen? For how long a period are thej"^ chosen ? How does the mode of 
electing a senator differ from that of a representative? Ans. A senator of the 
United States is chosen by the legislature of his state ; a representative is chosen by 
the people. How do their terms of office differ ? Ans. A senator is chosen for six 
years ; a representative for only two. How many votes is each senator entitled to ? 
Have the large states any more senators than the small ones ? 

2«Z Clause. Into how many classes were the senators at first divided? In what 
order were their seats of office vacated? What proportion of the Senate is elected 
everv second year? How often is one-third elected? When may the executive of a 
state fill a vacancy in the Senate ? For how long a time does a senator so appointed 
hold his office? How is the vacancy then filled? Now state how vacancies in the 
Senate are filled. 

'M Clause. How old must a person be before he can be a senator? How long 
must he have been a citizen of the United States? What is required of him in 
regard to residence? Now name the three requisites for a senator. How do they 
differ from those of a representative? (See Art. I. Sec. II.. 2d Clause.) 

'kth Clause. Who is president of the Senate ? When only is he entitled to vote ? 

^th Clause. What officers are chosen t)y the Senate? What is meant by a '"presi- 
dent pro tempore?" Ans. One chosen only for the time being. When does the 
Senate choose a " president pro tempore ? " 



lo Constitution of the United States, 

a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or 
w hen he shall exercise the office of president of the United States. 

6^A Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all im- 
peachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall all be on 
oath or affirmation. When the president of the United States is 
tried, the chief-justice shall preside: and no person shall be con- 
victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members 
present. 

Itli Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend 
further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold 
and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United 
States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and sub- 
ject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to 
law. 

Section IV. Both Houses. 

\st ClauM. The times, places, and manner of liolding elections 
for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state 
by the legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by 
law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of 
choosing senators. 

26? Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every 
year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in Decern] )er, 
unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 

Section V. The Houses Separately. 
1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, re- 
turns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of 
each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller num- 
ber may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to com- 

Uh Clause. What sole power has the Senate? What sole power has the House? 
(See Art. I. Sec. II., 5th Clause). Under what solemnity does the Senate sit for the 
trial of impeachments? When does the chief-justice preside in the Senate ? Who 
presides when the president of the United States is tried ? What proportion of the 
Senate is necessary to a conviction ? 

Wi Clause. How far may judgment extend in cases of impeachment ? To what is 
the convicted party furtlier liable? 

Sec. lY.—\st Clause. What is prescribed by each state legislature in regard to 
elections for senators and representatives? What power has Congress over such 
regulations? 

2c? Clause. How often does Congress assemble ? On what day is it prescribed that 
the meeting shall take place ? May a different day be appointed ? How ? 

Sec. Y.—\st Clause. Of what is each house constituted the judge? What propor- 
tion constitutes a quorum? What is meant by a quorum? Ans. A, sufflcienf. 
number to do business. What power do a smaller number possess as regards ad- 
journing? What else may they do as regards absentees? 



Constitution of the United States. 1 1 

pel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under 
such penalties as each house may provide. 

2fZ Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its proceed- 
ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the 
concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member, 

3^ Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, 
and from time to time publish the same, excej)ting such parts as 
may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of 
\ the members of either house on any question, shall, at the desire of 
|one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 
1 Mil Clause. Neither house, during the session of Congress shall, 
Without the consent of the other adjourn for more than three days, 
tor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be 
atting. 

Section VI. Primleges and BisaUlities of Memhers. 

1st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive a com- 
pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out 
of* the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, ex- 
cept treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from 
arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective 
houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any 
speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in 
any other place. 

2(Z Clause. No senator or representative shall, during the time 
for which he was elected, be appointed to an}'' civil office under 
the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, 

M Clause. What power has each house over the rules of its proceedings? What 
power does each house possess for enforcing its rules ? 

M Clause. What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal ? How 
is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress? What part of its journal may 
either house withhold from publication ? 

When shall the yeas and nays be entered on the journal? 

^th Clause. For what lenijthof time may either house adjourn without the consent 
of the other? How is each house restricted as regards the place to which it may 
adjourn? 

Sec. VI.— Is^ Clause. Are members of Congress compensated for their services? 
How is the compensation determined ? Are members of Congress paid by their 
states respectively, or by the general government? Ans. They are compensated hy 
the general government, out of the treasury of the United States. What personal 
privileges are members of Congress entitled to ? What are the three exceptions to 
the general privilege that tiie Constitution allows to Congressmen ? In what does 
treason consist ? (See Art. III. Sec. III.. 1st Clause.) What is felony ? Ans. A crime 
punishable with death. What is meant by a breach of the peace ? Ans. A violation 
of the public order. For what are members of Congress not to be questioned ? 

M Clause. To what offices cannot members of Congress be^elected? Suppose that 
a person holds an office under the United States, what then ? 



1 2 Constitution of the United States, 

or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such 
time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, 
shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. 

Section VII. Mode of Passing Laics. 

1st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur 
with amendments as on other bills. 

2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Rep- 
resentatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be pre- 
sented to the president of the United States ; if he approve he shaF 
sign it, l3ut if not he shall return it, with his objections, to thac 
house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter tlie objec- 
tions at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If 
after such reconsideration two-thirds of tliat house shall agree :o 
pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 
other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- 
proved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in 
all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas 
and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the 
bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If 
any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days 
(Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 
same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless 
the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which 
case it shall not be a law. 

Sec. VII.— ]6f/; Clause. In which branch of Confess must all bills for raising reve- 
nue originate ? What power has the Senate over such bills? 

2rf Clanse. After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, what must be done 
with it? What must the president do with the bill ? What is the president's act of 
objecting to a bill called? Ans. A veto. Why was the veto power given to the 
president? Ans. To enable him to protect the executive department of the govern- 
ment against the encroachments of the legislature; also with a view to greater 
security against the enactment of improper laws. When the president vetoes a bill, 
what Is the duty of the house to which it is sent ? When is the bill sent to the 
other house ? What accompanies the bill to the other house ? Then what does 
that other house do with the bill? If two-thirds approve of the bill, what then? 
Now state how a bill may become a law, notwithstanding the veto of the president? 
When the two houses reconsider a vetoed bill, how do they determine the votes? 
What record of names is imperative ? State how a bill may become a law, even 
though the president has neither signed nor vetoed it ? In what case does a bill fail 
to become a law, though it has passed both houses of Congress, and is not vetoed? 

Zd Clause. What is necessary to be done with orders, resolutions, and votes, re- 
quiring the concurrence of both houses before they can take efi'ect ? What is the 
object of the provisi(m ? Ans. If it were not for the provision. Congress might pass 
laws, calling them orders or resolutions, and thus evade the president's veto. When 
the president vetoes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it take? In 
what case, requiring the concurrent action of both houses, has the president no veto 
power? 



Constitution of the United States. 1 3 



U CUuse. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concur- 
rence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary 
(except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the 
president of the United States; and before the same shall take 
effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, 
shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the 
case of a bill. 

Section VHI. Powers granted to Congress. 

\ The Congress shall have power— 

^ 1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, 
to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general 
4lfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises 
siall be uniform throughout the United States ; 
\H Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

M Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
the several states, and with the Indian tribes ; 

itli Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and 
uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United 

States; .if 

6^Ji Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and ot 

foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; 

6^^ Clause. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 

seciu-ities and current coin of the United States ; 

m Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roadsj 

"IvE^in^lsTCTai/serWhaTpower has Con<rress in regard to taxes, duties, im- 
no«t« ail d excises " What are taxes ? Ans. Contributions ot money exacted by 
So?en.ment frim individiials, for public purpose.. How many kinds of taxes are 
fEX/lVo direct and indirect. What are direct taxes? Ans. Taxes laid 
di?ictly on liie person or property of individuals. What are indirect taxes /^n^^ 
Taxes laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption ot goods What aie 
duties' ^»? Ta.xes on the importation or exportation <>' goods. ^\ hat are im- 
posts ? i/'i'Taxes on goods imported. What are excises? ^ns. Taxes on goods 
produced or manufactured in the country. . ^^„„^,9 

•2d Clause What power has Congress in regard to borrowing money? 

Sd Clause. What in regard to regulating commerce ? 

4fh Clause What in re<'ard to a rule of naturalization ? What is meant oy 
natural Sn-' U The act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United 
S?a?eTCv long must a per/on reside in the United States l^efore he can be 
^atnralizicl ' Am Five years. What power has Congress in regard to banlvrupt- 
de?r Wha{ is meanriV bankruptcies ? Ans. A person is a bankrupt when he is 

'"""iftckJ^^ Wlti" powtrlias Congress in regard to coining money ? What, in re- 
gard to (he vaS of Sioney ? What^ in regard to foreign coins ? What, in regard to 
weights and measures ? . +„^f^uir>fr •? 

«M r/m/ytfi What DOwer has Congress in regard to counterteitmg i 
m ClZse. What powei- £as Confress in regard to post-offices and post-roads? 



14 Constitution of the United States. 

^th Clause. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, 
by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive 
right to their respective writings and discoveries ; 

^th Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the sujireme court ; 

l^tJi Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies com- 
mitted on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ; 

lUh Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 
and make rules concerning captures on land and water; 

12th Clause. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation 
of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

l^th Clause. To provide and maintain a navy; 

14:th Clause. To make rules for the government and regulation 
of the land and naval forces; 

15th Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute 
the laws of the Union, sujipress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 

16^7^ Clause. To jDrovide for organizing, arming, and disciplining 
the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be em- 
ployed in the service of the United States, reserving to the stiites 
respectively the ajjpointment of the officers, and the authority of 
training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Con- 
gress ; 

17th Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatso- 
ever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by 

8th Clause. In what way may Congress promote the progress of science and arts? 
For how long a time is the author ot a boolc entitled to the exclusive right of pub- 
lishing it ? Am. Twenty-eight years. What is the right called ? Ans. A copyright. 
May a copyright be renewed ? Ans. At the expiration of the twenty-eight years, it 
may be renewed for the further period of fourteen pears. For how long a time is 
the inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive right of man.ifacluriiig it? Am. 
Fourteen years. What is the right called? Ans. A patent right. Can a patent 
right be extended? Ans. The commissioner of patents is authorized, at the end of 
the fourteen years, to extend the right for the further period of seven years. 

9t/i Clause. What power has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals ? 

W,h Clause. What in regard to piracies, felonies, etc. ? What is piracy ? Ans. 
Robbery on the high seas. What is meant by the term "high seas ?" Ans. All the 
waters of the ocean beyond the boundaries of low-water mark. 

Iltk Clause. What power has Congress in regard to declaring war? What in re- 
gard to " letters of marque and reprisal? " Wliat are letters of marque and reprisal ? 
'Am. Commissions granted by the government to individuals, authorizing them to 
prey upon the commerce of another nation. What power has Congress in regard to 
rules concerninff captures? 

X'ith Clatist. What power has Congress in regard to armies ? In what way is such 
power restricted ? 

13/A Clause. What power has Congress in regard to a navy ? 

\Uh Clause. What power in regard to the government of the land and naval 
forces ? 

Ihth Clause. What power in regard to calling forth the militia, etc. ? 

\Wi Clause. What power in regard to organizing armies, and disciplining the 
militia ? What, in regard to governing the militia? What reservations are secured 
to the respective states? 



Constitution of the United States. i5 

cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become 
the seat of the government of the United States ; and to exercise 
like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legis- 
lature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of 
forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- 
ings ; — and 

\^th Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary and 
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all 
other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the 
United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

i Section IX. Powers denied to the United States. 

1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons as any 
of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be 
prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight 
hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such im- 
portation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not 
be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the 
public safety may require it. 

3^ Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be 
passed. 



nth Clause. What power has Congress in reirard to the seat of government, and to 
places purchased for certain purposes set forth ? What is the district occupied as 
the seat of government called? Ans. The District of Columbia. How large was the 
District of Columbia originally? Ans. Ten square miles. From what states had it 
been derived? A?is. By cession from the states of Maryland and Virginia. Is the 
District of Columbia at present ten miles square ? Ans. The portion derived from 
Virginia having been ceded back to that state, in 1846, the District is now confined 
to the Maryland side of the Potomac. What consent is requisite before the United 
States can acquire property in a state for the erection of forts, magazines, etc. ? 

18^^ Clause. What general powers are conferred upon Congress in regard to 
making laws? 

Sec. IX.— Is?; Clause. What restriction was imposed npon Congress in regard to 
the migration or importaticm of certain persons? Who were meant by "such per- 
sons?" Afis. Slaves. What was the irreat object of the clause? Ans. To enable 
Congress to put an end to the importation of slaves into the United States, after the 
year 1808. In what way was Congress left to restrain the importation without actu- 
ally forbidding it? When was the importation actually prohibited? Ans. On the 
Ist of January, 1808. 

2d Clause. What is said of the writ of habeas corpus ? What is a writ of habeas 
corpus ? Ans. A written command from a judge or other magistrate, directing that 
the body of a certain person shall be brought before him. What is the object of the 
writ? Ans. To provide a means of redress for all manner of illegal imprisonment. 
Repeat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. In what cases may the 
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended ? 

3d Clause. What is said of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws? What is a bill 
of attainder? Ans. An act of the legislature inflicting the punishment of death, 
without trial, upon persons supposed to be guilty of high crimes. What is an ex 
post facto law? Ans. A law which renders an act punishable which was not pun- 
ishable at the time of its commission. 



1 6 Constitution of the United States. 

Ath Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless 
in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed 
to be taken. 

^th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from 
any state. 

%th Clause. No preference shall be given by any regulation of 
commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of an- 
other ; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to 
enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

Ith Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in 
consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular state- 
ment and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public 
money shall be published from time to time. 

%th Clause. No title of nobility shall be , granted by the United 
States; and no j^erson holding any office of profit or trust under 
them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any 
present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from 
any king, prince, or foreign state. 

Section X. Powers denied to the States. 
1st Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 
federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit 
bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender 
in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, 
or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of 
nobility. 

Ath Clmise. Ill what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct tax? "What 
is meant by a capitation tax? Aiis. A direct tax upon individuals. How is the 
census to be taken ? (See Art. I., Sec. II., 3d Clause.) 

Wi Clause. Wliat prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to articles ex- 
ported from any state ? 

Uh Clause. What preference is forbidden in relation to a regulation of commerce 
or revenue? What freedom have vessels that are bound from one state to another? 

Wi Clause. Under what circumstances only can money be drawn from the national 
treasury? What publication must be made in regard to receipts and expenditures 
of all public money ? 

Wi Clause. What is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility? What is 
paid of officeholders accepting presents, etc. ? Under what circumstances may an 
officeholder accept a present ? Repeat the clause relating to titles and i)resents. 

Sec. X.— Is/: Clause. What prohibition is placed upon the several states as regards 
treaties, alliances, or confederations ? What, as regards letters of marque and reprisal ? 
What, as regards the coining of money ? What, as regards bills of credit ? What is 
meant by bills of credit? Ans. Bills of credit, within the meaning of the Consti- 
tution, are bills intended to circulate as money among the people. What is consti- 
tuted a legal tender in payment of debt? What prohibition is placed upon indi- 
vidual states, in regard to a bill of attainder ? What, in regard to an ex post facto 
law ? What, in regard to a law impairing the obligation of contracts ? What, in re- 
gard to a title of nobility ? Recite the clause just considered. 



Constitution of the United States. 1 7 

2^ Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may 
be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the 
net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports 
or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; 
and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of 
the Congress. 

'dd Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay 
^ny duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, 
fehter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a 
foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in 
^h imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. The Executive Department. 
1 Section I. President and Vice-President. 

"^Ist Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a president of 
the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the 
temi of four years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen 
for the same term, be elected as follows. 

M Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legis- 
lature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole 

MClause. What prohibition are individual states under, as regards imposts or 
duties ? In what case only may a state lay any imposts or duties '{ What are in- 
spection laws? Am. Laws requirin": certain articles of commerce to be examined 
by officers called inspectors. What disposition must be made of the net produce of 
ail duties and imposts laid by any state? What are the inspection laws of indi- 
vidual states as regards imports or expoi'ts subject to? 

M Clause. What prohibitions are individual states under as to the laying of a 
duty of tonnage ? What is a duty of tonnage ? Ans. A tax laid on vessels at a cer- 
tain rate per ton. What prohibition are individual states under as to the keeping 
of troops ? What, as to the keeping of ships of war ? What, as to an agreement or 
compact with another state, or with a foreign power ? What, as to engaging in 
war? Under what circumstances then may a state engage in war ? 

Article II.— Sec. l.—\st Clause. Of what does Article II. of the Constitution 
treat ? In whom is the executive power of the United States vested ? What is the 
president's term of office? How often may a president be re-elected? Ans. The 
Constitution does not limit the number of terms for which a president may be re- 
elected. Who was the first, president of the United States ? (See table of the Presi- 
dents.) For how many terms did Washington serve? Why was not Washington 
elected for a third term ? Am. At the close of his second term of office, he declined 
to be a candidate for a third term. What has been the elfect of his declination ? 
Am. Washington's example in declining to be elected lor a third term, has become 
a precedent by which subsequent presidents have been guided. How many and 
what presidents have served two terms each ? (See table ol the Presidents.) Which 
has the longest term of office— the president, a senator, or a representative ? What 
term has each? What is the vice-president's term of office? Who was the first 
vice-president of the United States? (See table of the Presidents.) By whorn are 
the president and vice-president chosen ? Ans. The president and vice-president 
are not chosen by the people directly, but by electors. 

26? Clause. In what manner does each state appoint electors? What number ol 
electors is each state entitled to ? Who are prohibited from being electors ? 



1 8 Constitution of the United States, 

number of senators and representatives to which the state may be 
entitled in the Congress ; but no senator or representative, or per- 
son holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, 
shall be appointed an elector. 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION.* 

Xst Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and 
vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at 
least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; 
they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, 
and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president, and 
they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, 
and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the numbe* 
of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and trans- 
mit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, di- 
rected to the president of the Senate ; —the president of the Senate 
shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open 
all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; — the per- 
son having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the 
president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of 
electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from 

The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitvtion.— Where do the electors for president 
and vice-president meet ? In what way do they vote ? What is prescribed respect- 
ing one of the persons for whom they shall not vote ? May the electors of a state 
vote for president and vice-president when boih of the persons voted for reside in 
the san^e state, and that not of the electors? How is it required that their ballots 
shall be made out? After voting, what lists are they required to prepare? What 
provision must be complied with, before the lists can pass out of their hands? 
After the lists are signed, certified, and sealed, to whom are they directed ? To 
what place are they then transmitted ? What does the president of the Senate do 
with the certificates? How is it determined who is elected president? Now 
describe the manner in which the electors choose a president. In the event of no 
choice being made by the electors, by wh(mi is the president chosen ? From how 
many and what candidates must the House of Representatives choose the presi- 
dent ? In what way must the choice be made ? How are the votes taken in choosing' 
the president ? How many votes is each state entitled to ? How many is each enti- 
tled to, when voting by electors? In choosing the president by the House ot 
Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? In such case, how many states 
are necessary to a choice? Whenever the right of choosing a president devolves 
upon the House of Representatives, till what time may the right be exercised? 
Now describe the manner m which the House of Representatives choose a presi- 
dent? In the event of both the electors and House of Representatives failing to 
choose a president, what takes place? 

* The former Method of Electing a President.— The original clause of the 
Constitution, prescribing the mode in which the president and vice-president were 
to be elected, was repealed in 1804, and the twelfth amendment (as given above) was 
adopted in its place. By the original clause, the electors voted for two persons 
without naming their choice for the higher position, " the person having the great- 
est number of votes" being declared president, and the next, vice-president. 
Washington, John Adams, and Jefi'erson (for first term) were so elected. 



Constitution of the United States, 19 

the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on 
the list of those voted for as president, the House of Representa- 
tives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in 
clioosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the 
representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this 
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of 
the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a 
choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a 
\ president whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-presi- 
|deut shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other 
cpnstitutional disability of the president. 

\ 2fZ Clause. The person having the greatest numbers of votes as 
Tice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a 
majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no per- 
spn have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the 
list, the Senate shall choose the vice-president ; a quorum for the 
purpose shall consist of two. thirds of the whole number of senators, 
aud a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

^d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office 
of president shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United 
States. 

^tJi Clause. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the 
electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which 
day shall be the same throughout the United States. 

5^// Clause. No person excejDt a natural-born citizen, or a citizen 
of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Consti- 

2<Z Clause. Who shall be the vice-president ? In the event of no i)er?on having a 
majority of electoral voles, by whom is the vice-president chosen ? Wlien choosing 
a vice-president, hovv^ many senators are requisite to a quorum ? How many are 
necessary to a cht)ice ? 

M Clause. Wlio are ineligible to the office of vice-president ? 

4th Clause. What power has Congress over the time ot choosing the electors? 
What as to the day on which the electors shall vote? In the event of Congress 
determining the day on wliich the electors shall give their votes, what sameness is 
prescribed? When are the electors chosen? Ans. On the Tuesday next after the 
first Monday, in the last November of eacii presidential term. Wiiere do the electors 
meet to give their votes? Avs. In their respective states, at a place appointed by 
the legislature thereof, usually in the capital. When do the electors meet to give 
their votes ? Ans. On the first Wednesday in the last December of each presiden- 
tial term. 

5th Clause. What person, as regards his place of birth, cannot be eligible to the 
office of president ? How old must a person be to be fligil)le to that office ? How 
many years must a person, to be eligible to that office^ have resided within the 
United States ? Now state the legal qualifications of a president. Recite the clause 
relating to the qualifications. 



20 Constitution of the United States. 

tution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; neither shall any 
person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the 
age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within 
the United States. 

Uh Clause. In case of the removal of the president from office, 
or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers 
and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice- 
president ; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of 
removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the president anc' 
vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, 
and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re- 
moved, or a president shall be elected. 

Itli Glcmse. The president shall, at stated times, receive for liis 
servfces a compensation, which shall neither be increased njr 
diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, 
and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument 
from the United States, or any of them. 

Stli Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he 
shall take the following oath or affirmation : — 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
the office of president of the United States, and will, to the best of 
my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the 
United States." 

Section II. Powers of the President. 

\st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army 

and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several 

states, when called into the actual service of the United States; 

he may require the opinion, in writing, of the, principal officer in 

Uh Clause. In what contingencies does the office of president devolve on the vice- 
president ? What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of removal or 
death, etc., of the president? What provision is made by the Constitution for the 
case of removal or death, etc., of both president and vice-president ? In the case of 
removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, what officer shall, by law of 
Congress, act as president? Ans. The president of the Senate, pro tempore, shall 
act as president. What is to be done, in case there is no president of the Senate? 
Ans. The speaker of the House of Representatives shall act as president. How 
long shall such officer continue to act? 

1th Clause. What docs the Constitution provide as regards the compensation to be 
allowed to the president ? What restriction is imposed, in regard to any other 
emolument? Recite the clause relating to the president's compensation. What is 
the salary of the president? Ans. $50,000 a year, together with the use of the presi- 
dential mansion and its furniture. What is the salary of the vice-president? Ans. 
$10,000 a year. 

Sth Clause. What does the president do, just before entering on the execution of 
his office ? Repeat the oath or affirmation taken by the president. 



Constitution of the United States. 2 1 

each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to 
the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to 
grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, 
except in cases of impeachment. 

2fZ Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the 
senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, 
kther public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, 
^nd all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are 
iot herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established 
liy law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such 
inferior officers, as they think proper, in the president alone, in the 
courts of law, or in the heads of departments, 

' 3^ Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies 
that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting com- 
missions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Section III. Duties of the President. 

pe shall from time to time give to the Congress information of 
the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such 
measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on 
extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, 
and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the 
time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall 
think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public minis- 

Sec. ll.—\st Clause. In what relation does the president stand toward the army 
and navy ? When only can he command the militia ? Whose opinions may he 
require in writing? Upon what subject?^ may he require the opinions ? Is he bound 
to be guided by such opinions? Ans. He is not. What executive departments 
have been established by Congress? Ans. Six, namely: Of State, of the Navy, of 
War, of the Treasury. Po?t-office Department, and of the Interior. For what purpose 
were they established? Ans. To aid the president in the executive and administra- 
tive business of the government. How are the heads of the departments appointed ? 
Ans. By the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate. How is the 
attorney-general appointed? Ans. In like manner as the heads of the departments. 
Of whom does the president's cabinet consist? Ans. Of the heads of the depart- 
ments, and the attorney-tjeneral. What power has the president, in relation to re- 
prieves and pardons? What is a reprieve ? Ans. A limited suspension or delay of 
the execution of a sentence in a criminal case. With what exception is the presi- 
dent vested with the power to grant reprieves and pardons? 

2df Clause. What power has the president relative to treaties ? In whom is the 
appointing power vested? Wiiat is the first step in making an appointment? 
What officers are enumerated, for wliich the president and Senate make appoint- 
ments? What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of inferior officers ? 

M Clanse. What vacancies can the president fill ? When does such appointment 
expire ? 



2 2 Constitution of the United States. 



ters ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and 
shall commission ail the officers of the United States. 

Section IV. Impeachment of the President. 
The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United 
States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con- 
viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde 
meanors. 

ARTICLE III. The Judicial Department. 
Section I. The United States Courts. 
The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in oie 
supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress liiiy 
from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of tlie 
supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good 
behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a 
compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continu- 
ance in office. 

Section II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts. 
1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law 
and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United 
States, and treaties made, or wiiich shall be made, under their 

Sec. III.— What information is the president required to give to Congress'? 
What recommendations is he required to malie? In what way are the recommen- 
dations made? Ans. By means of written messages. Was tlie reading of written 
messages always the practice ? Ans. The first two presidents, Washington and 
Adams, used to meet Congress, and make their recommendations by addresses, 
which they read. Ts Congress obliged to adopt the president's recommendations? 
Ans. It is not. When may the president convene both houses? May he convi-ne 
only one house? When? When may the president adjourn Congress? What is 
the duty of the president respecting ambassadors, etc. ? What is his duty respecting 
the execution of the laws? What is his duty respecting the granting of com- 
missions? 

Sec. IV. For what crimes may government ofllcers be removed from office ? How 
may the removal be effected ? 

Article III.- -Sec. I. Of what does Article III. of the Constitution treat? In 
what is the judicial power of the United States vested? How long do the judges 
hold their offices ? What is established as to the compensation of the judges ? How 
can the judges be removed from office ? (See Art. I., Sec. III.) How is the supreme 
court of the United States organized? Ans. It is composed of one chief -justice, and 
eight associate justices, any five of whom constitute a quorum. What is the salary 
of the chief-justice? Ans. $10,500 a year. What is the salary of each associate 
justice? ^;2,<(. $10,000 a year. 

Sec. II.— Ut Clause. Name the first of the nine sulyects in which the United 
States courts have jurisdiction. Name the second, concerning ambassadors, etc. 
Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. The fourth, concerning contro- 
versies with the United States. The fifth, concerning controversies between states. 
The sixth, concerning controversies between a state and citizens. The seventh, 
concerning controversies between citizens. The eighth, concerning controversies 
between citizens claiming lands. What is the last of the nine subjects ? 



Constitution of the United States, 23 

authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- 
ters, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime juris- 
diction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a 
party; to controversies between two or more states; between a 
state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of different 
States; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under 
grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens 
\thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 

2cZ Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- 
ters and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the 
?preme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other 
ses before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate 
jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and 
under such regulations as the Congress shall make, 

Zd Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- 
ment, shall be liy jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state 
wliere the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not 
canmitted within any state, the trial shall be at such place or 
pUces as the Congress may by law have directed. 

Section III. Treason. 

ist Clause. Treason against the United States shall consist only 
in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giv- 
ing them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of trea- 
son unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, 
or on confession in open court. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the punish- 
ment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption 
of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. 

M Clause. In what cases has the supreme court original jurisdicticxn ? What is 
meant by original jurisdiction? Ans. That in which a suit originates or com- 
mences. What is meant by appellate jurisdiction? Ans. That in which the decis- 
ion of an interior court is taken on appeal. 

M Clause. Before whom must the '• trial of all crimes " be held ? What cases are 
exceptions to the law ? By whom are impeachments tried ? (See Art. I.. Sec. III. 6th 
Clause.) Where must the trial of a crime committed within a state be held? 
Where, when not committed within a state ? Repeat the entire clause just con- 
sidered. 

Sec. III.— l.ti Clause. In how many thing? does treason against the United States 
consit^t? What are the two things? What is necessary to a conviction of treason ? 

2d Clause. What power has Congress relative to the punishment of treason ? 
How does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder ? What is meant by 
attainder? Ans. Attainder means a staining, corruption, or rendering impure. 
What is meant by corruption of blood? Ans. By "corruption of blood" a person 
i^ disabled to inh^^rit lands from an ancestor ; nor can he either retain those in hia 
possession, or transmit them by descent to his heirs. 



24 Constitution of the United States. 

ARTICLE IV. MiCELLANEOus Provisions, 
Section I. State Records. 
Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public 
acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And 
the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which 
such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect 
thereof. 

Section II. Privileges of Citizens. 

1st Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all prit- 
ileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 

2d Clause. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, n* 
other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another 
state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from 
which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having 
jurisdiction of the crime. 

dd Clause. No person held to service or labor in one state, un.Ier 
the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of 
any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or 
labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom 
such service or labor may be due. (See Article XIII. of the 
Amendments.) 

Section III. New States and Territories. 

1st Clause. New states may be admitted by the Congress into 
this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the 
jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the 
junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the con- 
sent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the 
Congress. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and 

Article IV.— Sec. I. Of what does Article IV. treat ? How are the public acts. 
etc., of the several states, to be treated in each state? How are they to be proved ? 

Sec 11.— \st Clause. What privileges and immunities are the citizens of each state 
entitled to? 

2cf Clause. What is said of persons charged with crime, fleeing into another state ? 

Zd Clause. What is said of persons escaping from service or labor? What persons 
were referred to in the third clause ? Ans. Fugitive slaves and persons bound by 
indentures of apprenticeship. How has the Constitution been altered in relation to 
fugitive slaves ? 

Sec. III.— 1a/ Clause. By whom may new states be admitted into the Union ? 
What is said of the formation of new states? How many states belonged to the 
Union at the adoption of the Constitution? (See Art. I., Sec. II., 3d Clause.) How 
many belong to the Union now ? (See Table of the States.) 



ConstitiUio7i of the United States. 2 5 

make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or 
other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this 
Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the 
United States, or of any particular state. 

Section IV. Guarantees to the States. 
The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a 
iepublican form of government, and shall protect each of them 
against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the 
executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against do- 
ulestic violence. 



V 



ARTICLE V. Powers of Amendment. 
'he Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it 
n^essary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on 
the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several 
sta|tes, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in 
either case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of 
thii^ Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths 
of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as 
the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the 
Congress : provided that no amendment which may be made prior 
to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any 
manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of 
the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be 
deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. Public Debt, Supremacy of the Constitution, 
Oath of Office, Religious Test. 
\st Clause. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, 
before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against 

2rf Clause. What power has Congress respecting the territory or other property 
belonging to the United States? What construction as to claims is not to be put 
upon any part of the Constitution ? 

Sec. IV, What guarantee does the Constitution make to the several states in 
respect to their form of government? In what two events are the United States 
bound to protect individual states ? 

Article V. Of what does Article V. treat ? In what two ways may amendments 
to the Constitution be proposed ? What two ways are provided for ratifying amend- 
ments? What three restrictions upon the power of making amendments were origi- 
nally imposed by tlie Constitution? Why have two of the restrictions lost their 
force? What do"^-'the first and fourth clauses" referred to. declare? What perma- 
nent restriction upon the power of making amendments still exists in full force ? 

Article VI.— !.«< Clause. What debts and engagements does the Constitution 
recognize ? 



26 Constitution of the United States. 

the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confede- 
ration. 

"%(L Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States 
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, 
or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, 
sliall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in ever} 
state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or lawi 
of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 

M Clause. The senators and representatives before mentioned, 
and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executi.e 
and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the sevejal 
states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Consti- 
tution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifi- 
cation to any office or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. Ratification of the Constitution. 
The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be suffi- 
cient for the estal)lishment of this Constitution between the states 



amendments, 

PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THB LEGISLATURES OP THE SEVERAL 
STATES, PURSUANT TO THB FIFTH ARTICLE OP THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. 

Akticle I. Freedom of Religion. 
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of reli- 
gion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the 
freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people 
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress 
of grievances. 

M Clause. What is declared to be the supreme law of the land ? By what are the 
judges in every state bound ? 

M Clause. Who, besides the judges, are bound to support the Cons^titution ? In 
what way shall they be bound? What prohibition is made in regard to religious 
tests ? 

Article VII. How many states were necessary to ratify the Constitution in order 
to its establishment ? 

Amendments.— Why were the first ten articles of amendments made? Arts. Be- 
cause it was generally felt that the Constitution did not sufficiently protect the 
rights of the people. Hmv may they, then, be regarded? Arts. As a declaration 
securing to the people and states certain rights oeyond the possibility of being 
encroached upon by Congress. When were they proposed? Ans. In 17S9, during 
the first session of the first Congress under the Constitution. When were they 
adopted? A7is. Having been ratified by ihiee-fourths of the states, they were de- 
clared adopted in 1791. 



Constitution of the United States. 27 

Article II. Right to hear Arms. 
A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free 
itate, tlie right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be 
if ringed. 

Article III. Quartei'mg Soldiers on Citizens. 
I No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house with- 
out the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner 
to be prescribed by law. 

Article IV. Search Warrants. 
'^he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, 
shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable 
cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing 
the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

Article V. Trial for Crime. 
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise in- 
famous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand 
jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the 
militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; 
nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice 
put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any 
criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of 
life, liberty, or property without due process of law ; nor shall pri- 
vate property be taken for public use without just compensation. 

Article VI. Rights of accused Persons. 
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to 



Is;! Article. What declaration does the first amendment make, respecting religion ? 
What, respecting the freedom of speech? What, respecting the freedom ol the 
press ? What, respecting the right of petition? 

M Article. What is the declaration respecting the right of the people to keep and 
bear arms ? 

3rf J.rtide. What is said of quartering soldiers? . . 

Ath Article. What is said of searches and seizures ? What is said of the issuing of 
warrants ? • , 

Uh Article. What is said of holding persons to answer for crimes ? What is said 
of a second trial for the same offence ? What is the meaning of the claiise that no 
person shall "be twice put in jeopardy." etc. ? Ans. No person shall be a second 
time tried for an offence of which he has been legally acquitted or convicted. VV hen 
shall a person not be compelled to witness against himself? What guarantee ot 
protection to life, liberty, and property is given ? When only can private propeity 
be taken for public use ? 



28 Constitution of the United States. 

a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the state and dis- 
trict wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district 
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed 
of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with 
the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtain- 
ing witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for 
his defence. 

Article VII. Suits at Common Law. 
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall es- 
ceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, 
and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any 
court of the United States than according to the rules of the com- 
mon law. 

Article VIII. Excessive Bail. 
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

Article IX. Mights detained hy the People. 
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not 
be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

Article X. Rese7'ved Rights of the States. 
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti- 
tution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states 
respectively, or to the people. 

Article XI. 
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed 
to extend to any suit, in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted 
against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by 
citizens or subjects of any foreign state. i 

6^^ Article. What right shall a person accused of crim^ have ? What right, as to 
the witnesses against him ? What right, as to the witnesses in his favor ? What 
right, as to the as^sistance of counsel ? 

1th Article. In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? In what 
way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made '? 

Sth Article. What is said of bail, fines, and punishment? ? 

9th Article. What is said of rights retained by the people? 

lOth Article. What is said of the powers reserved to the states ? 

nth Article. What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power? What is the 
history of the eleventh amendment ? Ans. It was proposed by Congress in 1794, 
and declared adopted in 1798. 



Constitution of the United States. 29 

Article XIII.* Slavery. 
\ Section I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as 
\ a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly 
Iconvicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place sub- 
ject to their jurisdiction. 

\ Sec II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
Appropriate legislation. 
! Article XIV. 

I Section I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 
aid subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 
S|ates and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make 
on,enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immuni- 
ties of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any state deprive any 
person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor 
dely any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the 
laws. 

Sec II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole 
number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. 
But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of elec- 
tors for president and vice-president of the United States, repre- 
sentatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, 
or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the 
male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and 
citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for 
participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation 
therein wshall be reduced in the proportion which the number of 
such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
twenty-one years of age in such state. 

ISth Ariicle.— Section 1. What is ?aid of slavery and involuntary servitude? 

Sec. II. What power has Congress with reference to this subject ? What is the 
history of the thirteenth amendment? Ans. It was proposed in 1865, and declared 
adopted in December of the same j^ear. (See Const., Art. IV., Sec. II.) 

Article XIV. When was the 14th Article adopted ? Atis. Having been ratified 
by three-fourths of the states, it was declared adopted on the 28th of July, 1868. 

Section 1. Who are declared to be citizens of the United States ? What restriction 
is imposed upon the States with regard to the privileges or immunities of citizens? 
What, with regard to the lives, liberty, or property of persons? What, with regard 
to the protection of the law given to persons ? 

Sec. 2. How are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the state>? 
How does this provision of the Constitution differ from the one formerly in force? 
(See Const., Art. I., Sec. II., 3d Clause.) When shall a reduction be made in the 
basis of representation to which a state may be entitled? 

* For the twelfth amendment, see page 25. 



30 Constitution of the United States. 

Sec. III. No person shall be a senator or representative in Con- . 
gress, or elector of president and vice-president, or hold any office, I, 
civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, 
having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an 
officer of the United States, or as a member of any state Legis- 
lature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support 
the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insur- 
rection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to 
the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds 
of each house, remove such disability. 

Sec. IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pen- 
sions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebel- 
lion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor 
any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in 
aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any 
claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, 
obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Sec. V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropri- 
ate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

Akticle XV. 

Sec. I. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any state, 
on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Sec. II. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article 
by appropriate legislation. 

Sec. 3. What class ol persons, in consequence of their rebellious acts, are deprived 
of certain exalted privileges? Name the privileges which are withheld from them. 
Is it possible for any person belonging to that class to have the privileges accorded 
to him ? How ? (See Const., Art. I., Sec. III., 3d Clause.) 

Sec. 4. What shall not be questioned as regards the debts of the United States? 
What debts, obligations, and claims, are decfiired illegal and void? What restric- 
tion is imposed upon the General Government and individual states, with respect to 
such debts, obligations, and claims ? 

Sec. 5. What legislation may Congress enact, in regard to the provisions of 
Article XIV. ? 



I 



*^^* 






{' ^/^r-'^^ms .^^"'^ :-} 








L** *«-• 










L* «•"•. ■>. 




















®o 



'■*«.«< 



^^$"' 







♦ B , 













*5> • «7»ira * «? V?", «jv ^^ 



6""^ - 







O.. --.Ta' .0' 










** *-rr.-' .««■' 



;♦ *.^ 



* 






>'..i:i;.'? 






O^ 'o . » • A 



•n>v* r 



*. -^^0^ : 



'.' .jp-n^. 



.'l°,^ .. 






WtRT 
BOOKBINDJNC' 

GrantMlle.Pa 
March *(X«i 198? 













